与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S03E03

Part 6 April 19, 2021, 2:44 p.m.

科学家从微观层面来研究自然
as scientists have studied nature at the microscopic level,
他们意识到一个微观粒子确实
they have noticed that particles can actually exist
可以同时在不同地方存在
in more than one place at the same time.
当他们纠结于如何解释为何如此之时
And while they have struggled to explain why this should happen,
赛斯和量子计算领域的同事
Seth and his colleagues in quantum computing
只是简单的接受了它，并利用它
have simply accepted it and used it to their advantage.
现在我将要用这些轻量级的精致设备
I will now use this sophisticated lite-brite device
来演示量子计算机与传统计算机之间
to demonstrate the difference between classical computers
的区别
and quantum computers.
在计算机中，传统的或者量子的
So in any computer, classical or quantum,
可以用此处的一个电子表示一比特
a bit can be represented by electron over here.
现在，传统计算机
Now, in a classical computer,
电子在这里，0，或者在那里，1
the electron is either over here, 0, or over there, 1.
同一时间绝不会同时是0和1
It is definitely not 0 and 1 at the same time.
但在量子计算机中
But in a quantum computer,
电子非常乐于同时在0和1两个地方
electrons very happily are both 0 and 1 at the same time.
这会对计算带来的影响
To see how this affects computation,
假设这里的电子说，“这样
let's suppose that electron over here says, "do this.
让其他所有的比特
"Let's tell all these other bits
一同摆出有趣的图案”
to make some interesting pattern."
我们
And now you see what we have
不能仅用一比特
is we don't just have one bit
同时完成这一切
that is doing this and that at the same time,
我们有许许多多比特
we have many, many bits
它们同时完成这一切
that are doing this and that at the same time.
而量子计算机可以利用某些炫到爆的量子状态
So the quantum computer is doing two computations
同时执行两条指令
in some funky quantum sense at the same time.
然后，嘿，没理由就此罢手
And, hey, there's no reason to stop there.
量子计算机完全乐于
Quantum computer is completely happy
搞定成百上千，数十亿或更多的
doing 100 or 1,000 or a billion
或这和宇宙中基本粒子数目一样多的
or as many things as there are elementary particles
工作，并同时完成
in the universe, all at the same time.
越多越好
The more, the merrier.
赛斯用了超过二十年的时间
Seth has spent the last two decades
来安排这些有序的量子比特
making this ordered rearrangement of quantum bits
在一个真实的
work in a real device,
一个可用来计算的设备中工作
one that can do real calculations.
量子计算机的心脏
The heart of this quantum computer
冷冻在液态氦中
is chilled with liquid helium
由称作“库比特”的
and consists of a small, superconducting
微型超导电子线路组成
electrical circuit known as a cubit.
“库比特”，这些小东西
This cubit is a little, tiny thing.
位于在这样的金封装中
It sits in a tiny little gold package like this,
在其中间有一个微型电路
and in the middle of it, there's a tiny little circuit
超导电流可以永远这样流动
which a supercurrent can go around like this forever,
或者永远那样流动
or it can go around like that forever.
我们认定这样的超导电流是0
So we call supercurrent going around like this 0
而这样的超导电流是1
and supercurrent going around like that 1
而同时的这样和那样流动的超导电流
and supercurrent going around this way and that way
同时代表0和1
at the same time 0 and 1 at the same time.
这一架子昂贵的设备
All this rack of expensive equipment here
被设计用来和库比特交流
is designed to talk to the cubit
通过给它发射微波信♥号♥♥
by sending microwave signals to it,
来给它搔痒、按♥摩♥
to tickle it and massage it.
我作为量子力学工程师
My job as a quantum mechanical engineer
就像量子原子的按♥摩♥师
is kind of like a quantum atomic masseur.
我们通过各种不同方式按♥摩♥这些分子
We massage these molecules in a bunch of different ways.
如果你恰当地按♥摩♥这些分子
And if you massage the molecule the right way,
会得到这样的摇摆和振动
you can get this wiggling and jiggling
这正它们是在计算
so that it's actually performing a computation.
这些分子会放松，并说
So the molecule, as it relaxes and sighs,
“哦，感觉爽到爆
"oh, that feels so good,"
你要真让我算3乘以5
says, "oh, if you really want me to multiply 3 times 5,
我这就给你算。”
I'll do it for you."
量子计算机仍在初始阶段
Quantum computing is still in its infancy.
事实上，3乘以5
In fact, multiplying 3 times 5
是赛斯的计算机能完成的最复杂的计算
is the most complex computation Seth's machine has ever done.
但赛斯认为它的计算机证明了
But Seth argues that his computer proves
亚原子粒子可以思考
that subatomic particles can think,
而宇宙
and that the universe,
由这些粒子组成的宇宙
which is entirely built from such particles,
一定也是量子计算机
must also be a quantum computer.
它在微观层面处理并存储信息
It processes and stores information
在我们平日所见到一切中
at the microscopic level on everything we see around us.
如果宇宙在处理信息
And if the universe is processing information,
那它一定在思考，一定是活着的
then it must be thinking, and it must be alive.
宇宙不但活着
The universe is not alive.
而且生机勃勃
It's more than alive.
它包含着生命
It contains life.
它完成生物可以完成的一切
It does all the things that living things do.
它处理信息
It processes information.
它在两地间传输能量
It moves energy from one place to another.
不同部分可以相互复♥制♥
The different pieces of it can reproduce each other.
而宇宙是一个整体
But the Universe as a whole
可以完成比生物更多的事情
can do much more than just what living things can do.
人类大脑可以完成10的16次方
The human brain can perform about 10 to the power of 16,
即10千万亿次计算，在一秒之内
or 10 million billion computations in a second.
相同时间内
In the same time,
赛斯相信宇宙
Seth believes the universe performs
能完成大约10的106次方次计算
about 10 to the power of 106 computations,
这使宇宙
which makes the universe
超乎想象的聪明
impossibly smarter than we can ever imagine.
倘若宇宙像巨型量子计算机一样工作
If the universe is behaving like a giant quantum computer,
让我们直面它确实如此
and let's face it, it is,
它有能力完成我们能想到的任何复杂的行为
then it's capable of any kind of complex behavior we can imagine.
不仅仅是恒星和行星的创造
Not just creation of stars and planets,
生命的演变
the evolution of life,
还有能力
it's also capable of behavior
完成我们也许永远不能理解的行为
that we probably will never be able to comprehend.
宇宙可能是旗舰版智慧生命
The universe could be the ultimate intelligent organism.
如果宇宙真的像量子计算机一样思考
And if the cosmos really does think like a quantum computer,
那尤根·施密特胡贝尔已经准备完成下一逻辑步骤
then Jurgen Schmidhuber is ready to take the next logical step --
读取它的思维
to read its mind.
现在一些科学家相信
Some scientists now believe
宇宙是巨大的量子计算机
our universe is an enormous quantum computer,
以一种
processing information
鄙视人类思维的尺度处理着信息
on a scale that dwarfs human thinking.
若真如此
If that is the case,
是不是应该能发现它已经计算过什么？
is it possible to discover what it has already computed
并看到宇宙思维的内部？
and see inside the mind of the cosmos?
几个世纪以来，牛顿、爱因斯坦这样的伟大的思维
For centuries, great minds like Newton and Einstein
试图发现
have tried to discover
宇宙潜在的物理定律
the underlying physical laws of the Universe.
但将宇宙视为巨大的计算
But seeing the cosmos as a colossal computation
开创了一种理解它的崭新方法
opens up a novel way to understand it.
回到瑞士的人工智能实验室
Back at the Swiss Artificial Intelligence Lab,
尤根·施密特胡贝尔不仅在准备
Jurgen Schmidhuber is not only preparing
释放群机器人
to unleash hives of swarm robots.
他还有另一项更具雄心的工作
He has another, far more ambitious agenda.
他想在计算机中重建宇宙
He wants to re-create the Universe in a computer.
整个宇宙
Could it be that the entire universe,
我们看到的周围一切
everything that we see around us,
是不是只是遵循着及其简单的规则
is maybe just following very simple rules?
物理规则
The rules of physics,
已经被我们部分地了解
which are partially already known,
它们可能如同程序一般
but which might actually be program-like,
整个宇宙就像一个大的电子游戏
as if the entire universe is just a huge video game.
尤根相信
Jurgen believes
就算宇宙电子游戏的规模超乎想象
that even though the size of our video game universe is immense,
程序也能创建它
the program that creates it