与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S03E06

Part 1 April 19, 2021, 2:45 p.m.

死亡终有一天降临在我们每个人身上
Death will someday come for us all.
但逝去的人真的代表永远离开我们了么？
But are the dead really gone forever?
药物的发展与计算机科学的飞跃进步
Advances in medicine and bold leaps in computer science
也许很快就能让死去的人重新行走在地面上
may soon allow the dead to walk the earth again...
还是以别的新奇的形式存在
or survive in some other strange, new form.
我们能否使死者复活？
Can we resurrect the dead?
空间，时间，生命本身
Space, time, life itself.
宇宙之谜，尽在穿越虫洞
The secrets of the cosmos lie through the wormhole.
与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（S03E06）
Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman (S03E06)
我们能否使死者复活？
Can We Resurrect The Dead?
死亡是我们的人生的终点站
Death is our ultimate destination,
一个从来没有人能返回的地方
a place from which no one ever returns.
但如果死亡不是结束呢？
But what if death was not the end?
我们每个人都有一张♥基♥因组蓝图
We each have a genetic blueprint,
现代科学已经能够阅读它了
one that science can now read.
很快，也许就能在我死后让我的身体重生
Soon, it may be possible to reproduce my body after I die.
但储存在这里的一生的
But what about the lifetime of knowledge and experience
知识和经历呢？
contained in here?
我们是否会有挽回
Will we ever have the tools
死者身体和灵魂的工具呢？
to raise body and soul from the dead?
我们所有人最后都会与死亡面对面
All of us must eventually come face-to-face with death.
不论我们多么希望握紧住自己所爱的人
No matter how hard we wish to hold on to someone we love,
但有时，我们却不得不放手
sometimes, we just have to let go.
我曾经养了一只狗，经常和他一起去探险
I had a dog I loved to go exploring with.
但是虫子吃掉了它的心脏
But worms had eaten away at his heart.
永别的痛苦深深地刻在心里
The pain of saying goodbye forever cuts deep,
可这又无法避免
but it is unavoidable.
还是可以避免？
Or is it?
这位病人已经死了
This patient is dead.
他没有心跳，没有呼吸
He has no heartbeat, no respiration,
没有血液流过他的心脏
no blood flowing through his heart.
但今天，他会被这个人复活
But today, he will be brought back to life by this man,
耶鲁纽黑文医院的心脏外科医生约翰·艾莱库克里斯
heart surgeon John Elefteriades of Yale-New Haven hospital.
约翰经常杀死他的病人，然后再复活他们
John regularly kills his patients, then resurrects them.
我曾在医学院进行医师培训
Once I got to medical school and residency,
心脏手术是我唯一想做的
heart surgery was the only thing I ever wanted to do.
那个时候，我感觉自己就像使用药物的
At that time, it was kind of like being a fighter pilot
战斗机飞行员，你知道我的意思
within medicine, if you know what I mean.
这是在探索前沿，风险很高
It was exploring the frontiers. It was high-risk.
约翰现在仍飞行于外科手术的地平线边缘
John still flies at the edge of the surgical horizon.
今天，他要修复一个严重受损的心脏
Today, he's trying to repair a severely damaged heart,
但修复过程中不能有血液流过
a heart that can't be fixed while blood flows through it.
这样就必须把心脏关闭，但如果这么做
The heart must be shut down, but doing so
就会切断病人脑部的血液供应
will cut off the blood supply to the patient's brain,
而导致脑部缺氧
starving it of oxygen.
约翰有45分钟的时间进行手术
John needs 45 minutes to operate.
在正常温度下
At normal temperatures,
大脑会在缺血5分钟后死亡
the brain will begin to die after just five minutes.
而约翰激进的办法就是
John's radical solution
把病人体温降低，进入假死状态
is to freeze the patient into a state of suspended animation.
脑无法承受
The brain doesn't tolerate
瞬间血流中断
more than a momentary interruption of blood flow.
如果血流中断
If the interruption of blood flow
超过几分钟
goes beyond several minutes,
脑细胞就开始死亡
then the brain cells start to die,
这也是我们使用低温的手段
and that's where the protection of low temperature
能够给我们机会保护
gives us the opportunity to protect
非常脆弱的脑
the very vulnerable brain.
从病人体内抽出温热的血液
The patient's warm blood has been drained from his body,
流过充满冰块的机器
run through a bypass machine filled with ice,
接着泵回他的静脉和动脉
then pumped back through his veins and arteries.
这样就逐渐的把他的体温降到18摄氏度
This has gradually cooled him down to 18 degrees Centigrade --
就是55华氏度
55 Fahrenheit.
这样他的细胞和神经的活动就很微弱了
The activity of his cells and neurons cannot be measured.
如果你让一个普通医生
If you had a general practitioner
或者心脏病学家或其他什么人进来
or a cardiologist or somebody come in
使用他们常规标准判断生死
and use their regular criteria for life or death,
这位病人就满足所有的死亡条件
all the criteria for death would be fulfilled.
这个时候，心肺机和呼吸机
At this point, the heart-lung machine and the respirator --
所有保持他活着的仪器——都关闭了
the devices that keep him alive -- are shut off --
没有呼吸，不会泵血
no breathing, no blood pumping --
就是一个等同于死亡的情况
a condition virtually identical to death.
约翰有45分钟的时间可以安全手术
John has 45 minutes to operate in safety.
一个小时后，开始出现脑损伤
After an hour, brain damage will set in.
现在，他几十年的经验开始发挥作用
Now his decades of experience come into play.
我们仍处于病人的假死状态
We're still in suspended animation.
我还还有15分钟的安全手术时间
So we've got 15 minutes to go for safety.
最后
Finally,
约翰和他的团队在还剩7分钟的时候
John and his team manage to complete the repairs
完成了修复
with seven minutes to spare.
这个病人事实上已经死亡了38分钟
The patient has been virtually dead for 38 minutes.
他们慢慢地把生命维持装置打开
They slowly bring back life support,
让他脑部没有损伤地
returning him to the land of the living with
回到这个世界
no damage to the brain.
每天我都会对做到这种程度的手术感到惊奇
Each and every day, I'm amazed that this can be done.
死亡的定义已经改变了
The definition of death has changed, really,
只有永久性的死亡才算死亡
and death is death when it's permanent.
但这些标准
But those criteria
对于这个非常非常特殊的
in this very, very special high-technology scenario
假死或低温心搏停止的高科技环境
of suspended animation or deep hypothermic arrest --
死亡的标准并不适用
those criteria for death don't really apply.
但是我们能否复活那些
But can we bring life back
在更少可控情况下死去的人呢？
to those who die in less controlled situations?
兰斯·贝克是宾夕法尼亚大学
Lance Becker is the director of the University of Pennsylvania's
复苏科学中心的主管
Center for Resuscitation Science.
他认为让死者复活的关键
He believes the key to resurrection
就埋藏在我们的细胞中
is buried deep within our cells.
有个原理我们都已经知道了几千年了
Well, what we've known for just literally thousands of years
那就是你把肉冷藏，就能更长时间的保鲜
is that, if you keep meat cold, it keeps longer.
腐烂的过程其实也是死亡的过程
The decay process, which is actually that death process --
所有的东西在低温下
All of those things are slowed down
都能减缓
in the cold setting.
当温度下降
When the temperature comes down,
细胞就不需要很多氧气
the cells don't need as much oxygen,
它们的代谢程度变弱
they don't metabolize as much,
基本进入了一种慢动作、冬眠的状态
and they essentially sort of go into slow-mo, hibernation-style.
你的身体由数十万亿个活细胞组成
Your body is made of tens of trillions of living cells.
相关的基因告诉细胞做什么
Regulatory genes tell these cells how to behave.
它们算是细胞的操作系统
Think of them as the cells' operating system.
在细胞生命的最后时期
At the end of a cell's life, the genes produce
基因会产生一些破坏细胞的酶将细胞降解
destructive enzymes that tear the cell apart.
一个人每天大约有五百亿个细胞死亡
Every day, roughly 50 billion of your cells die.
当有些情况很糟糕时
When something goes very wrong --
比如你心脏骤停
say, you suffer a cardiac arrest --
受损的细胞就会发出警报
the injured cells sound an alarm,
告诉它周围健康的细胞是时候凋亡了
telling their healthy neighbors it's time to die.
这样发出的一波让细胞自杀的信♥号♥♥
This sets off a wave of cellular suicide
快速传遍全身
that spreads rapidly across the body.
我们不会偶然死亡
We don't die by accident.
而是一种生物程序
There's biological programming
控制着死亡
that actually controls the way we die.
在这个程序中
And in that programming
我们就有机会对其加以修饰
is the opportunity for modifying that program
这样就能改变结果
so that we can alter the outcome --
把某些人从死亡中复活
bring someone back to life.
为了寻找什么引发了死亡程序
To find out what triggers the death program,
兰斯取正常细胞并让其缺氧
Lance took healthy cells and starved them of oxygen.
他希望看到大多数细胞都死掉
He expected most of the cells to die
而存活下来的在恢复氧气供应后继续生存
and the survivors to flourish when oxygen was restored.
那么我发现的
So, what I found