探求自我的世纪（2002）

and brought her children to Anna Freud in Vienna.
她带着孩子来找住在维也纳的安娜
They were suffering terrible anxieties and aggression,
他们遭受着严重的焦虑和敌对情绪
but Anna Freud was convinced she could free them from this
但安娜•弗洛伊德相信，她可以通过改变周遭的环境
by changing the world around them.
来帮他们摆脱这些痛苦
Michael·Burlingham
迈克·博林汉 多萝西·博林汉之孙
She thought that she could come in and enter their environment essentially,
她认为她可以在真正的进入他们的世界
because they were children you see and didn't have independent lives of their own,
因为他们毕竟只是尚未独♥立♥的小孩
she could go talk to the parents or the mother,
她可以去找孩子的家长或母亲谈话
she could go to the schools, she could influence their real world,
她可以去学校，可以影响他们所生活的现实世界
the actual external world to change their lives to help them.
通过改变真实的外部世界
And to change them as people?
改变他们的为人？
I think that was part of what her idea was,
我想这就是她想法的一部分
she felt that she could change them.
她觉得自己能够改变他们
From her analysis of the Burlingham children,
通过对博林汉孩子们的分♥析♥
Anna Freud developed a theory of how to control the inner drives.
安娜•弗洛伊德发展出一套关于
It was simple. You taught children to confront to the rules of society
这很简单，你要教会孩子去正视社会法则
But there're more than just moral guidance.
但不仅仅是道德上的指导
Anna Freud believe if children like the Burlingham
安娜•弗洛伊德相信，如果博林汉家的孩子
strictly follow the rules of accepted social conduct,
能严格遵循公认的社会行为准则
then as they grew up, the conscious part of their minds,
然后随着他们长大，他们头脑中有意识的部分
what called the ego,
即称为“自我”的部分
would be strengthened in its struggle to control the unconscious.
会在控制无意识的对抗中变得更强
But if children don't confront, the ego will be weak.
但是如果孩子们不去面对，自我就会变得脆弱
And they would be prey to the dangerous force of the unconscious.
于是他们将成为危险的潜意识的猎物
In my father's case
在我父亲的案例中
they were concerned that he would be a homosexual
他们担心他会是一个同性恋者
and so a lot of their efforts went into preventing
所以他们做了很多努力来防止这种情况发生
or trying to stop my father from becoming a homosexual.
或试图不让我的父亲成为同性恋
Whether or not he would have or did, is unknown to me.
而我不知道，他是否曾经是，或者将会是
Why would they want to stop that?
为什么他们想阻止他？
Because they felt it was abnormal,
因为他们觉得那是不正常的
it wasn't a normal way to develop.
那不是正常的成长过程
They wanted to have him develop along lines that society recognized to be normal
他们想让他沿着社会认可的正常道路成长
because if they didn't,then
他们如果不这样，那么
then he would be under control of forces that you don't understand,
他就会受到我们无法理解的力量所控制
that you are not even aware of.
甚至是你意识不到的力量
The analysis seemed to be a great success
这一精神分♥析♥似乎取得了极大成功
and in the thirties the Burlingham children returned to America.
30年代时，博林汉家的孩子们返回美国
They settled down to happy married lives in the suburbs.
他们安居下来，在郊区过着快乐的婚姻生活
What they didn't realize was that their experience was about to become a template
他们没有意识到的是，他们的经历
for a giant social experiment
即将成为一个巨大的社会实验的模板
to control the inner mental life of the American population.
以控制美国民众的精神生活
In 1946 President Truman signed The National Mental Health Act.
1946年，杜鲁门总统签署了《国家精神健康法案》
It had been born directly out of the wartime discoveries by psychoanalysts
它直接源于精神分♥析♥学家在战时的发现
that millions of Americans who had been drafted
即数百万被征召入伍的美国人
suffered hidden anxieties and fears.
正遭受着隐藏的焦虑和恐惧
The aim of the act was to deal with this invisible threat to society.
该法案的目的是要应对这种对社会的无形威胁
Shocked by the appalling percentage of the emotionally unstable
根据二战征兵数据显示
revealed by the World War II draft figures,
情绪不稳定的人所占比例之高令人震惊
Congress in 1946 passed The National Mental Health Act,
国会在1946年通过了《国家精神健康法案》
which recognized for the first time that mental illness was a national problem.
它首次承认了精神疾病是一个国家问题
Keenly aware of the tremendous problems ahead is Dr. Robert H Felix,
敏锐意识到这一重大问题的是
director of the vast new project.
他是这个大型项目的负责人
A primary objective of The National Mental Health program
国家心理健康计划的一个首要目标是
is to increase our fund of scientific knowledge about mental health and about mental illness.
加强我们对精神健康，和精神疾病学知识的了解
We're not doing this. Why?
我们没这么做过。为什么？
Because there are all too few skilled mental health workers.
因为熟练的精神健康工作者太少了
Two of the principal architects of the act were the Menninger brothers Carl and Will.
法案的两个主要编制者是曼宁格兄弟：卡尔和威尔
Will had run the wartime psychotherapy experiments
威尔曾参与过战时的精神疗法实验
and now he and his brother begun to train hundreds of new psychiatrists.
现在他和兄弟开始培训数百名新的精神病学家
The Menningers were convinced that it would be possible to apply Anna Freud's ideas
曼宁格兄弟确信，将安娜•弗洛伊德的思想
on a wide scale and to adults as well as children.
广泛应用于此是可行的，儿童和成人都适用
The psychiatrists job would be to teach ordinary Americans
这些精神病医师的工作，就是教会普通美国人
how to control their unconscious drives.
如何控制他们的潜意识
Psychoanalysis could be used to make a better society.
精神分♥析♥学可以用来创造一个更好的社会
They said psychoanalytic thinking could make for the betterment of society.
他们说精神分♥析♥的理论可以促进社会进步
Because you could change the way the mind functioned;
因为你可以改变心智运作的方式
Dr. Robert·Wallerstein 1949-1966
罗伯特·沃勒斯坦 精神病学家
and you could take the ways
你可以用这种方法
in which people did hurtful things to themselves and others
通过扩充他们的认知来改变他们
and alter them by enlarging their understanding.
避免他们做出害人害己的事
And this was the vision psychoanalysis brought.
这就是精神分♥析♥疗法的愿景
That you could really change people.
你真的可以改变一个人
And you could change them almost in limitless ways.
而且几乎能够无限制地改变他们
In the late forties a vast project began in America
40年代末，一个大型工程在美国开展
to apply the ideas of psychoanalysis to the masses.
它将精神分♥析♥的理念应用于大众
Psychological guidance centers were set up in hundreds of towns.
心理辅♥导♥中心在几百个城镇中设立起来
They were staffed by psychiatrists who believed it was their job
其员工都是精神病学家，他们认为自己的职责
to control the hidden forces inside the minds of millions of ordinary Americans.
就是控制数百万普通美国人心中潜藏的力量
At the same time thousands of counselors were trained
与此同时，数千心理咨♥询♥师被培训
to apply psychoanalysis to marriage guidance,
将精神分♥析♥应用于婚姻指导
and social workers were sent out to visit people's homes
社会工作者被派去民众家里走访
and advise them on the psychological structure of family life.
就家庭生活的心理结构向他们提供咨♥询♥
Behind all this was the fundamental idea of Anna Freuds'
这一切的背后，是安娜•弗洛伊德的基本观点
that if people were encouraged to conform to the accepted patterns of family and social life
即如果人们被鼓励去遵循
then their ego would be strengthened.
他们的自我意识就会增强
They would be able to control the dangerous forces within them.
他们将能够控制自己内心的危险力量
When your emotions control your actions
当情绪控制你的行为时
it affects not only yourself but the people around you.
它不仅会影响你自己，也会影响你周围的人
And if this sort of flare up is repeated often
而且如果这种情况反复发生
it might lead to a permanently warped personality.
可能会导致人格永久性的扭曲
You can control the fire of your emotions
你可以控制自己情绪的火焰
so that your personality becomes more pleasant.
使你的个性变得更加怡人
So we expected someone who had been through that experience to more insightful,
所以我们期望获得这种体验的人
Dr. Harold·Blum
哈罗德·布鲁姆 精神分♥析♥师
much more understanding,and a much better regulated person.
会变得更有洞察力，更通情达理和更有调理
And regulation includes being able to let go as it were,to enjoy a football game or a soccer game.
这包括能够顺其自然，享受一场足球比赛
A more understanding, yes rational, but also appropriately emotional person.
更加善解人意，理性，但也适当地情绪化
The regulatory aspects of the human mind would really be in charge,
人类思维的自我调节将掌控一切
instead of being overwhelmed by our passions and by our darker impulses.
而不是被我们的激♥情♥和阴暗的冲动所压倒
That one would be master or mistress over ones own passions.
他会成为自己情绪的主人
They just felt that the road to happiness
他们只是觉得通往幸福之路
was in adapting to the external world in which they lived.
在于适应他们所生活的外部世界
Dr. Neil·Smelser
尼尔·斯梅尔瑟 政♥治♥学家、精神病学家
That people could be uncrippled from their own neurotic conflicts and impulses;
人们可以摆脱自己神经质的冲突和冲动
that they would not engage in self-destructive behavior,
他们不会加入自我毁灭的行为
that they would in fact adapt to the reality about them.
事实上他们会适应周围的现实
They never questioned the reality.
他们从不质疑现实
They never questioned that it might itself be a source of evil
他们永远不会质疑它可能是邪恶之源
or something to which you could not adapt
或是那种你不能不妥协、不受折磨
without compromise or without suffering
不以某种方式压榨自己
or without exploiting yourself in some way.
就不能适应的东西
So there was this fit with the politics of the day.
所以这是契合了当时的政局
And a bounce of emotions,
活跃的情感
it's important to a well-rounded personality.
对于一个健全的人格来说很重要
But it was only the beginning of the rise to power of psychoanalysis in America.
但这仅仅是精神分♥析♥学在美国崛起的开始
Psychoanalyists were about to move into big business
精神分♥析♥学家即将进军大企业
and use their techniques not just to create model citizens
他们的技术不仅要塑造模范公民
but model consumers.
还有模范消费者
Last week's episode showed how Freud's American nephew Edward Bernays
上一集，展示了弗洛伊德的美国侄子爱德华•伯奈斯
had been the first to convince American corporations that they could sell products
他是第一个让美国公♥司♥相信
by connecting them with people's unconscious feelings.
可以利用人们的潜意识感受来销♥售♥产品的人
But now a group of psychoanalysts were going to take what Bernays had begun
现在，一群精神分♥析♥师将要沿着伯奈斯开创的道路
and invent a whole range of techniques to get inside
发明一系列的技术
and manage the unconscious mind of the consumer.
进入并管理消费者的潜意识
They were led by Ernest Dichter.
他们由厄内斯特•迪克特所领导
Dichter had practiced next door to Freud in Vienna,
迪克特在维也纳时，曾在弗洛伊德隔壁开业
but he had come to America and set up the Institute for Motivational Research in an old mansion north of New York.
来美国后，在纽约北部的一座老宅子里成立了动机研究所
This is The Institute for Motivational Research,
这就是动机研究学会
a place devoted to the intriguing business of finding out why people behave as they do.
一个致力于研究人们为什么会这样做的地方