探求自我的世纪（2002）

which paralyzes needed efforts, to convert retreat into advance.
麻痹了我们转退为进所该做出的努力
This idea had flourished in America in the depression of the 1930s.
30年代的大萧条时期，这种观念在美国非常流行
President Roosevelt faced with the chaos caused by the Wall Street crash
面对华尔街金融危机造成的混乱局面
encouraged Americans to join together in trade's unions,to set up consumer groups,
罗斯福总统鼓励美国人加入工会，建立消费者团体
and to pay for a welfare system for those trapped in poverty.
并为陷入贫困的人们支付福利保障
His aim was to create a collective awareness
他的目标是建立一种集体意识
which would become a powerful weapon
这将成为对抗资本主义力量的有力武器
against the unfettered power of capitalism which had caused the crisis.
正是这种不受约束的力量导致了危机
That idea had driven the democratic party for 50 years.
这个理念已经在民♥主♥党运转了50年
But now, Roosevelt's inheritors railed vainly against the effects of the self-interest
但现在，罗斯福的继承者们徒劳地抱怨
encouraged by President Reagan.
里根总统鼓励的利己主义的影响
There is despair Mr. President, in the faces that you don't see.
总统先生，你看不到的脸上有绝望的表情
Mario Cuomo（1984）
马里奥·科莫 民♥主♥党代♥表♥大♥会♥
Maybe Mr. President if you stop in at a shelter in Chicago
总统先生，也许你可以到芝加哥的收♥容♥所♥
and spoke to the homeless there,
去和那里的无家可归者谈谈
Maybe Mr. President, if you asked the woman who had been denied the help she needed to feed her children
也许总统先生，你去问问那个被拒绝援助的养孩子的妇女
because you said you needed the money for a tax break for a millionaire,
只因为你说你需要钱为百万富翁减税
or for a missile we couldn't afford to use.
或是负担我们用不起的导弹
The worst thing Ronald Reagan did
罗纳德•里根做的最糟的事
was to make the denial of compassion respectable.
就是让拒绝同情变得值得尊敬
He said you've worked hard, you've made your money,
他说你努力工作，赚了钱
Mario Cuomo（1982 - 1995）
马里奥·科莫 纽约州长
you shouldn't have to feel guilty about refusing to throw it away on people
你不应该因为拒绝把钱扔给那些
who choose to be homeless and who choose not to work.
无家可归者和不工作的人而感到内疚
That's what he said.
他是这么说的
He said it with an elegance and kind of a benign aspect that disguised it's harshness.
他说的很优雅，带着一种善意，掩饰了其苛刻
You think we can do anything about it?
你觉得我们能做点什么吗？
Well, why not?
为什么不呢？
If we can work together now to look after the lives of the people,here..
如果我们现在能够共同努力，照顾人♥民♥的生活
I don't see how we couldn't work together afterwards to clean up the mess
我们为什么不能在事后一起努力清理这个烂摊子
and help build a better world in which these things can't possibly happened..
帮助建立一个压根没这些事儿发生的更好的世界
The qualities we've learned from camaradeship and common suffering,
我们从军旅生涯和共同的苦难中学到的品质
are not to be wasted after this war...
不应该在战争之后被浪费掉
It's out of experience, like ours,
经验之谈，就像我们一样
that a better world will be built.
一个更好的世界将会建立
That same idea - marshaling the collective force of the masses
同样的理念——调动群众的集体力量
to challenge the entrenched power of wealth and business
挑战根深蒂固的财富和商业权力
had also led the labour party to power in Britain after the war.
也导致了英国工党在战后掌权
But in the 80s, labour like the democrats in America lost election after election
但在80年代，就像美国民♥主♥党一样
as millions who had once voted for them switched their allegiance to the conservatives.
数百万曾经投票支持他们的人转而支持保守党
There it is, going blue just about everywhere, swiping the country...
如是，蓝色遍地，横扫全国…
For they are the party of yesterday...and tomorrow is ours...
他们的党派已成昨日，而明天属于我们…
In the face of this, a growing number in the labour party
面对这种情况，工党中越来越多的人开始相信
became convinced that if they were ever going to regain power
如果他们想重新掌权
labour would have to come to terms with the new individualism.
工党就必须接受新兴的个人主义
One of them was an advertising executive called Phillip Gould
其中一位是名叫菲利普•古尔德的广♥告♥经理
who had been a life long labour supporter.
他是工党的终身支持者
Gould believed that labour's leadership had become corrupted by the same patrician arrogance
古尔德认为，工党领导层已被贵族式的傲慢所腐蚀
that dominated all of Britain's institutions.
这种傲慢统治了英国所有的机构
They denigrated and disapproved of the new aspirations of working class voters.
他们诋毁并反对工人阶级选民的新愿望
labour stopped listening to these people.
工党不再听从这些人的意见
Philip Gould
菲利普·古尔德 工党战略顾问
And I remember the best example of this was after the election of 1983 which was
我记得最好的例子是在1983年的选举之后
the election above all where the people's voices were just not heard.
那次选举是人♥民♥的声音没被听到的典型
And I had dinner with a leading labour party figure
我还和一位工党的领导人物共进晚餐
who had been heavily involved in the defeat and his wife said
他深陷这次的失败，他的妻子说
'God these working class people we give them an education
“上帝啊，这些工人阶级的人们，我们给了他们教育
and give them chances in life and what do they do they read The Sun
给了他们生活的机会，而他们读了《太阳报》
and they just don't vote for us.'
他们就是不投票给我们”
And there was such a gap between these people just trying to make better lives for themselves
这些只想为自己营造更好生活的人
and the kind of elitism of the labour party
和工党的精英主义之间存在巨大的鸿沟
there was just this chasm that had to be filled.
这一鸿沟必须填补
Gould became part of a small group of modernizers centered around Peter Mandelson.
古尔德成了以彼得•曼德尔森为中心的
Their aim was to reconnect labour with the lost voters.
他们的目的，是让工党与失去的选民重建关系
To do this, Gould turned to the technique that he knew well from his work in advertising
为了做到这一点，古尔德求助于他从广♥告♥业中所熟知的技术
the focus group.
焦点小组
Gould commissioned focus groups in suburban areas across the country
古尔德在全国各地的郊区组建了焦点小组
with small groups of voters who had switched to Mrs.Thatcher.
其中有一小部分选民转而支持撒切尔夫人
People were encouraged not to talk rationally about policies
人们被鼓励不要理性地谈论政策
but to express their underlying feelings.
而是表达自己的潜在感受
And what Gould discovered was a fundamental shift in people's relationship to politics.
古尔德发现，人们与政♥治♥的关系发生了根本性的转变
They no longer saw themselves as part of any group
他们不再把自己视为任何团体的一员
but as individuals who could demand things from politicians in return for paying taxes.
而视自己为可以向政客索求，以换取缴税的个人
Just as business had taught them to do, as consumers.
就像商业教会他们做的那样，作为消费者
And I found that people had become consumers,
我发现人们已经成为了消费者
people now wanted to have, you know politics and life on their own terms.
人们想要拥有自主化的政♥治♥和生活
I mean not just in politics but in all aspects of life too.
我的意思是不仅在政♥治♥上，而且是生活的各个方面
People see themselves as they are, as autonomous powerful individuals
人们把自己看作是自主的，强大的个体
who are entitled to be respected, who are entitled to have the best
他们有权受到尊重，有权拥有最好的东西
not just in Tescoes and whatever, but the best in terms of health and education too.
不管是在乐购还是其他地方，在健康和教育方面也是
All this was about getting the labour party to understand
所有这一切都是为了让工党明白
that people really really really had changed
人们已经实实在在地改变了
and unless the labour party changed it would not win.
所以除非工党改变，否则赢不了
Philip Gould now set out to try and persuade the labour party
菲利普•古尔德开始试图说服工党
they would have to make concessions to what he called the new aspirational classes.
他们必须向他所说的新兴阶层作出让步
He was going to face implacable opposition.
他将面临无情的反对
In the run up to the 1992 election, Gould argued that the only way to win
1992年大选之前，古尔德认为对工党来说
was for labour not to put up (raise) taxes.
赢得选举的唯一方法就是不加税
But the Shadow Chancellor John Smith angrily refused.
但影子大臣约翰•史密斯愤怒地拒绝了
labour would stick to it's fundamental policies.
工党将坚持其基本政策
They would fight the election with the promise of tax increases to create a fairer society.
他们将用增税的承诺来对抗选举
And as the campaign began it seemed as if Philip Gould was wrong.
随着竞选活动的开始，菲利普•古尔德似乎错了
The traditional polls consistently showed labour ahead
传统的民♥意♥调查一直显示工党领先
despite the conservative campaign message that labour government would put up (raise) taxes.
尽管保守的竞选口号♥是工党政♥府♥将提高税收
Even the conservatives oldest allies in the press became convinced
即使是保守党在新闻界最老的盟友也开始相信
that by harping on about tax, the conservatives were cutting their own throats.
保守党喋喋不休地谈论税收问题是自讨苦吃
The way of the Tories must be that they're not at the moment
保守党的做法肯定是，他们目前
conveying a sense of grip in being at control, and
没能传达出一种掌控局面的感觉
unless they can do better than that, I think they're going to lose...
除非他们能做得更好，否则我认为他们会输…
The other thing is that they still say they are going to go
另一件事是，他们仍然说他们会继续
on and on with this one message of tax and I think,
有关税收的这一信息，而且我认为
in part, the difficulty this morning was that
某种程度上，今天上午的困难是
you had a whole lot of people who'd been going to the same press conferences for 7 days,
很多人已经在同一个新闻发布会待了7天
had virtually the same message,
得到的信息几乎相同
and they're getting bored and hitting back on him.
他们就要无聊和不耐烦了
I think the media sensed the big story coming, in the Tories being defeated...
我觉得媒体嗅到了大新闻，保守党要落败了…
And the labour party too, was convinced it would win and finally return to power.
工党也相信自己会赢，并最终重新掌权
It's now time to meet the men and women who will form the next government
下一届政♥府♥班底的人们即将亮相
And now , it's time, time for the new prime-minister, Neil Kennet
现在，是时候见见新首相了，尼尔•肯尼特！
Those running labour's campaign believed that by modern presentation
那些参加工党竞选的人认为，通过现代化的表现
they would attract back the voters yet keep the old policies.
他们就能吸引选民回头，但又能保持旧政策
But Philip Gould was convinced that labour were going to lose.
但菲利普•古尔德确信工党会输
Through his focus groups, he knew that the very people
通过他的焦点小组，他知道
who were telling the traditional pollsters they would vote labour
那些告诉传统民♥意♥调查他们将投票给工党的人
were in reality preparing to vote conservative out of self-interest
实际上是出于自身利益准备投保守派的票
but they were too embarrassed to admit it.
但他们羞于承认这一点
And John Major also knew this
约翰•梅杰也知道这一点
because his focus groups were telling him the same thing.
因为他的焦点小组告诉了他同样的事
Why aren't you making a poll which puts labour 5 points ahead?
为什么你不做一个民♥意♥调查，让工党领先5个百分点？
I shouldn't worry about that. It's the feel good on the streets that matters..
我不该担心这个，重要的是在街上感觉良好…
Is it feeling good on the streets? It is feeling good on the streets...yes..
在街上感觉好吗？ 是的，没错…
It has been feeling surprisingly good on the streets for some time...
这段时间以来，街上感觉出奇地好
Quite surprisingly...quite out of line...with opinion polls..
相当令人惊讶，相当出格…民♥意♥调查方面..
don't ask me to expect it, because it feels right...
别让我期待，因为这感觉很好…
Now, let's sit down, we're ready to go!...
现在我们坐下来，准备开始了…
John Major's victory in 1992, was a disaster for the labour party.
1992年约翰•梅杰的胜利，对工党来说是一场灾难
The small group of reformers centered around Peter Mandelson and Philip Gould
以彼得•曼德尔森和菲利普•古尔德为中心的一小群改革者
were convinced that the only way for the party to survive was to change it's basic policies.
坚信工党要生存下去，唯一的办法就是改变其基本政策
But their ideas were rejected by John Smith who had now become leader.
但他们的想法遭到了现已成为
Philip Gould left Britain to go to work
菲利普•古尔德离开英国前往美国