探求自我的世纪（2002）

and have transformed people into constantly moving happiness machines.
要把大众转变成不断运转的快乐机器
Machines which have become the key to economic progress."
经济发展关键的机器
What was beginning to emerge in the 1920s was a new idea of how to run mass democracy.
20年代♥开♥始出现了关于如何操纵大众民♥主♥的新理念
At it's heart was the consuming self
其核心是消费的自我
which not only made the economy work but was also happy and docile
这种理念不仅促使经济运转，还制♥造♥快乐和驯服
and so created a stable society.
因此便能早就一个稳定社会
Both Bernays and Lippmann's concept of managing the masses
伯奈斯和李普曼管理大众的观念
takes the idea of democracy and turns it into a palliative,
是将民♥主♥的思想拿来，并将它变成缓和剂
Stuart · Ewen
斯图尔特 · 伊万 公共关系史学家
It turns it into giving people some kind of feel good medication
变成某种让大众感觉良好的药物
that will respond to an immediate pain or immediate yearning
以应对当前的疼痛和渴望
but will not alter the objective circumstances one iota.
但却丝毫不会改变客观环境
The idea of democracy at it's heart was about changing the relations of power
民♥主♥的核心思想是改变权力的关系
that had governed the world for so long;
这一思想已统治世界很久
and Bernays' concept of democracy was one of maintaining the relations of power,
而伯奈斯的民♥主♥理念是维持权力关系
even if it meant that one needed to stimulate the psychological lives of the public.
即使这意味着需要刺♥激♥公众的心理生活
And in fact in his mind that is what was necessary.
而在他的观点里，其实这是必须的
That if you can keep stimulating the irrational self
如果你能不断刺♥激♥非理性的自我
then leadership can go on doing what it wants to do.
那么领导阶级就可以继续做他们想做的事
Bernays now became one of the central figures in a business elite
伯奈斯现在成为了商业精英阶层的核心人物之一
that dominated American society and politics in the 1920s.
他们主导着20年代美国的社会和政♥治♥
He also became extremely rich and lived in a suite of rooms in one of New York's most expensive hotels
他也变得非常富有，住在纽约最昂贵的酒店之一的套房♥里
where he gave frequent parties.
他经常在那举办宴会
Oh my goodness, he had a home in the corner suite of the Sherry Netherland hotel
我的天，他在荷兰雪利酒店的转角套房♥里安了家
and here's this wonderful suite with all these windows
那是个极好的套房♥，所有的窗户
looking out on central park and across at the plaza, and on the square,
都可以眺望中♥央♥公园，购物中心和广场
and he would use this place to hold a soiree.
他会用这个地方举办晚会
The mayor would come, all the media leaders would come,
市长会来，媒体领袖们会来
the political leaders, the business leaders, the people in the arts;
政♥治♥领袖、商业领袖，艺术圈的人都会来
that mean it was who's who.
这是一个名人堂
People wanted to know Eddie Bernays because he himself became a sort of a famous man,
人们想要认识埃迪•伯奈斯，因为他已经成了名人
a sort of magician that could make things happen.
鲜少能让愿望成真的魔法师
He knows everybody he knows the mayor, and he knows the senator,
他认识每个人，他认识市长，认识参议员
and he calls politicians on the telephone as if he did get literally a high
他给政客们打电♥话♥，好像他真的很兴奋似的
or bang out of doing what he did,
或者随时都能为所欲为
and that's fine, but it can be a little hard on the people around you.
这很好，但对周围的人来说有点难
Especially when you make other people feel stupid.
特别是你让其他人觉得愚蠢的时候
The people who worked for him were stupid, the children were stupid,
为他工作的人是愚蠢的，孩子们也很愚蠢
and if people did things in a way that he wouldn't have done them, they were stupid.
如果人们做事的方式是他不会做的，他们就是愚蠢的
It was a word that he used over and over: "don't be stupid".
他一再重复地说“别那么蠢”
And the masses?
那么大众呢？
They were stupid.
他们是愚蠢的
But Bernays' power was about to be destroyed dramatically
但伯奈斯的权力将被戏剧性地颠覆
and by a type of human rationality that he could do nothing to control.
通过一种他无法掌控的人类的理性
At the end of October 1929 Bernays organized a huge national event
1929年十月底，伯奈斯组织了一个巨大的全国性活动
to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the invention of the light bulb.
来庆祝电灯泡发明50周年
President Hoover, the leaders of major corporations and bankers like John D Rockefeller
胡佛总统、商业巨头和银行家如约翰•D•洛克菲勒
were all summoned by Bernays to celebrate the power of American business.
都被伯奈斯召集而来，庆贺美国商业的力量
But even as they gathered news came through that shares on the New York stock exchange
正当他们聚会的时候，坏消息来了
were beginning to fall catastrophically.
纽约证交所的股票开始灾难性下跌
Throughout the 1920s speculators had borrowed billions of dollars.
整个20年代，投机者借贷了几十亿美元
The banks had promoted the idea that this was a new era where market crashes were a thing of the past.
银行推销了一种理念，说股市崩♥盘♥已成为过去式
But they were wrong. What was about to happend was the biggest stock market crash in history.
但他们错了，这将是史上最大的股市崩♥盘♥
Investors had panicked and begun to sell in a blind relentless fury
投资者陷入恐慌，开始盲目无情地抛售
that no reassurance by bankers or politicians could halt.
银行家或政界人士的任何保证都无法阻止
And on the 29th of October 1929, the market collapsed.
1929年10月29日，市场崩溃了
The effect of the crash on the American economy was disastrous.
这使美国经济遭受了灾难性的重创
Faced with recession and unemployment,
面对衰退和失业
millions of American workers stopped buying goods they didn't need.
上百万美国工人停止购买♥♥非必需的商品
The consumer boom that Bernays had done so much to engineer, disappeared.
伯奈斯费力制♥造♥出的消费繁荣消失了
And he and the profession of public relations fell from favor.
他和他的公♥关♥事业被打入了冷宫
Bernays' brief moment of power seemed to be over.
伯奈斯短暂的掌权时刻看上去似乎结束了
The effect of the Wall Street crash on Europe was also catastrophic.
华尔街崩♥盘♥的后果在欧洲同样是灾难性的
It intensified the growing economic and political crisis in the new democracies.
它加剧了新兴民♥主♥国家日益严重的经济和政♥治♥危机
In both Germany and Austria, there were violent street battles
在德国和奥地利的街头，不同政党的武装派系
between the armed wings of different political parties.
之间发生了激烈的暴♥力♥冲突
Against this backdrop Freud who was suffering from cancer of the jaw retreated yet again to the alps.
这样的背景下，患有下颚癌的
He wrote a book called "Civilization and it's Discontents".
他写了一本名为《文明及其不满》的书
It was a powerful attack on the idea that civilization was an expression of human progress.
此书有力地攻击了“文明是人类进步的表现”这一观点
Instead Freud argued, civilization had been constructed
弗洛伊德反驳道，文明的建立
to control the dangerous animal forces inside human beings.
是为了控制人类内在危险的兽♥性♥本能
What was implicit in Freud's argument was that the ideal of individual freedom
弗洛伊德的论证中意示着，个体自♥由♥的理想
which was at the heart of democracy was impossible.
作为民♥主♥核心是不可能实现的
Human beings could never be allowed to truly express themselves because it was too dangerous.
人类永远不能真正地表达自己，因为那样太危险
They must always be controlled and thus always be discontent.
他们必须一直受到控制，因此也会一直不满
Man doesn't want to be civilized
人们不想被文明化
Dr. Ernst Federn
恩斯特·费登 维也纳精神分♥析♥师
and civilization brings discontent but is necessarily to survival
而文明带来的不满却又是生存所必需的
so he must be discontent because this would be the only way to keep you within your limits.
所以他必须不满，因为这是约束自我的唯一方法
What did Freud think about the idea of the equality of man?
弗洛伊德对人人平等怎么看？
He didn't believe in it.
他不信这套东西
We had 32 parties and Hitler said: "before those parties don't vanish there is no Germany".
“我们有32个党”，希♥特♥勒♥说
"before those parties don't vanish there is no Germany",
“那些党派若不消失，德国就不会存在”
That's true. you can't have 32 parties
这是真的，你们不能同时有32个党派
so they said this one person will put an end to this comedy.
所以他们说这个人会结束这场闹剧
Freud was not alone in his pessimism.
弗洛伊德并不是唯一的悲观主义者
Politicians like Adolf Hitler
20世纪20年代，在对民♥主♥的日渐失望中
emerged from a growing despair in the 1920s about democracy.
阿道夫•希♥特♥勒♥这样的政客出现了
The Nazis were convinced that democracy was dangerous because it unleashed a selfish individualism
纳粹确信民♥主♥是危险的，因为它释放了自私的个人主义
but didn't have the means to control it.
但同时又没法控制它
Hitler's party - "The National Socialists" stood in elections promising in their propaganda
希♥特♥勒♥的党派 “国家社♥会♥主♥义♥党”在竞选中宣传
they would abandon democracy because of the chaos and unemployment it led to.
承诺他们会抛弃民♥主♥，因为它导致了混乱和失业
"The democratic parties are promising a heaven on earth!"
民♥主♥党派们企图在人间许诺一个天堂
"38 parties - over 6 million unemployed"
（38个党，超过6百万失业者）
In March 1933, the National Socialists were elected to power in Germany
1933年3月，国家社♥会♥主♥义♥党在德国被选举为执政党
and they set out to create a society that would control human beings in a different way.
他们开始创造一个以不同方式控制人类的社会
One of their first acts was to take control of business.
他们的第一个行动就是控制商业
The planning of production would in the future be done by the state.
产品未来的生产计划由国家制定
The free market was too unstable as the crash in America had proven.
由于美国的崩溃，自♥由♥市场被证明太不稳固
Workers leisure time was also planned by the state
工人的闲暇时间也由国家安排
through a new organization called "strength through joy".
通过新组织“乐源力”来掌管此事务
One of it's mottos was: "Service, not self!".
座右铭之一是“服务他人，而非自我”
But the Nazi's did not see this as return to an old form autocratic control.
但纳粹并不认为这是回到旧时的独♥裁♥统治
It was a new alternative to democracy,
而认为这是替代民♥主♥的新选择
in which the feelings and desires of the masses would still be central,
群众的情感和欲求仍然是中心
but they would be channeled in such a way as to bind the nation together.
但它们将以某种方式被引导，以便和国家凝聚在一起
The chief exponent of this was Joseph Goebbels, the Minister of Propaganda.
宣传部长约瑟夫•戈培尔是这方面的首席倡导者
It may be a good thing to hold power based on guns
权力建立在枪杆子上可能是件好事
It is far better though if you win the heart of the nation
要是赢得民心那就更好了
and keep it's affection !
保持住他们的欢心！
Goebbels organized huge rallies whose function he said was to forge the mind of the nation
戈培尔组织了大规模的集♥会♥，按他所说其功能就是
into a unity of thinking, feeling and desire.
将国民的心灵锻造成思考、感受和欲求的统一体
One of his inspirations, he told an American journalist
他告诉一位美国记者，他的灵感来源之一
was the writings of Freud's nephew, Edward Bernays.
正是弗洛伊德的外甥爱德华•伯奈斯的著作
In his work on crowd psychology, Freud had described how
在他的著作《群体心理学》中，弗洛伊德早已描绘了
the frightening irrationality inside human beings could emerge in such groups.
人类内在令人恐惧的非理性 是如何在这样的集体中浮现的
The deep what he called 'libidinal' forces of desire were given up to the leader
他称之为“原欲”的深层次力量被献给了领导者
while the aggressive instincts are unleashed on those outside the group.
而侵略的本能被释放到外部群体中
Freud wrote this as a warning, but the Nazis were deliberately encouraging these forces
弗洛伊德写下这些作为警告，但纳粹却刻意鼓励这些力量
because they believed they could master and control them.
因为他们相信自己可以掌控它们
Dr. Leoppold Lowenthal
利奥波德·洛文塔尔 弗洛伊德派精神分♥析♥师
Freud was saying that masses are bound by libidinal forces.
弗洛伊德说大众受制于“原欲”的力量
They love each other and delegate their ideas and feelings through the "jack-on-top".
他们彼此相爱，通过“jackontop”来表达自己的想法和感受
What are libidinal forces?
那么“原欲”的力量是什么？
Well, forces of love.
就是爱的力量
Not hate?
不是仇恨吗？
No,.. hate?... Hate is delegated on the others, outside.
仇恨？那是对其他人的表达，外部的人
The mob...
暴徒…
I could see from afar, looking up between the trees
我能从很远处，从树丛中间看出去
how there were hundreds of thousands of people when they passed Hitler
当成千上万的人们从希♥特♥勒♥身边经过时