探求自我的世纪（2002）

they were speaking completely delirious and they began to shout,
他们是如何完全神志不清地开始呼喊
this cries will never get out of my ears...
那喊声一直在我耳边回响...
"Heil! Sieg Heil!"...and here I got confirmation how those irrational forces,
“万岁！胜利！”…就此我证实了那些非理性的力量
uncontrollable forces in Germany, in the Germans, had erupted, were brought out
这些无法控制的力量，在德国 和德国人中间爆发了，显现了
were running wild where the party was marching, marching on."
而且已经失控，就在这个党派队列行进的过程中
Fuehrer (Leader's) comand we will follow!
（元首的命令我们要服从！）
Crowds and their behavior
群体和他们的行为
And in America too democracy was under threat from the force of the angry mob.
在美国，民♥主♥也受到了暴民力量的威胁
The effect of the stock market crash had been disastrous.
股市崩♥盘♥的影响是灾难性的
There was growing violence as an angry population took out their frustration on the corporations
愤怒的人们将不满发泄到公♥司♥身上，暴♥力♥事件不断增加
who were seen to have caused this disaster.
后者被认为是导致了此次灾难的元凶
Then in 1932 a new President was elected
1932年一位新总统当选
who was also going to use the power of the state to control the free market.
他同样准备使用政♥府♥的权力来控制自♥由♥市场
But his aim, was not to destroy democracy, but to strengthen it.
但他的目标并不是要摧毁民♥主♥，而是为了强化它
And to do this he was going to develop a new way of dealing with the masses.
为了做到这一点，他打算发展一种与大众打交道的新方式
"I am prepared under my constitutional duty
我准备履行宪法赋予我的职责
to recommend the measures that a stricken nation in the midst of stricken world, may require.
在遭受重创的国家社会中推行需要采取的措施
But, in the event that the national emergency is still critical
但是，在国家危机仍处严峻的情况下
I shall not evade the clear course of duty that will then confront me.
我不会逃避我将面临的明确责任
I shall ask the congress for the one remaining instrument to meet the crisis：
我将要求国会拿出最后一项工具来应对危机：
broad executive power."
广泛行政♥权♥
It was the start of what would become known as "The New Deal".
这就是后世所称“新政”的起始
Roosevelt assembled a group of young technocrats and planners in Washington.
罗斯福在华盛顿召集了一批年轻专家和规划者
He told them that their job was to plan and run giant new industrial projects for the good of the nation.
告诉他们其工作是为了国家的利益 规划和管理巨大的新工业项目
Roosevelt was convinced the stock market crash
罗斯福确信，股市的崩溃已表明
had shown that "laissez faire"-capitalism could no longer run modern industrial economies.
“自♥由♥放任”式资本主义不能再运转现代工业经济了
This has become the job of government.
这工作该归于政♥府♥
Big business was horrified
大企业害怕了
but The New Deal had attracted the admiration of the Nazis,
但“新政”却博得了纳粹的赞赏
especially Joseph Goebbels.
特别是约瑟夫•戈培尔
Joseph Goebbels
约瑟夫·戈培尔
"I am very interested in social developments in America.
我对美国的社会的发展非常感兴趣
I believe that President Roosevelt has chosen the right path.
我相信罗斯福总统选择了正确的道路
We are dealing with the greatest social problems ever known.
我们正在处理有史以来最严重的社会问题
Millions of unemployed must get their jobs back
几百万失业者必须重获他们的工作
and this cannot be left to private initiative.
这不可能凭个人自主解决
It's the government that must tackle the problem."
必须由政♥府♥来解决这个问题
But although Roosevelt like the Nazis was trying to organize society in a different way,
尽管罗斯福像纳粹一样试图用不同的方式组织社会
unlike the Nazis he believed that human beings were rational
但与纳粹不同，他相信人类是理性的
and could be trusted to take an active part in government.
而且可以被信任，并积极参与政♥府♥工作
Roosevelt believed it was possible to explain his policies to ordinary Americans
罗斯福认为向普通美国人解释他的政策是可行的
and to take into account their opinions.
而且他会顾及他们的意见
To do this he was helped by the new ideas of an American social scientist called George Gallup.
为此，他得到了一位名叫
"Favorite reading of new deal Washington" - the survey of US public opinion.
美国民♥意♥调查：华盛顿新政的最爱读物
From offices at Princeton New Jersey a famed statistician,
来自新泽西普林斯顿的知名统计学家
dr. George Gallup tells Washington
乔治•盖勒普博士告诉华盛顿
from week to week, what the nation is thinking.
日复一日之中，国民都在想些什么
And in New York Fortune Magazines analyst Elmo Roper
分♥析♥师埃尔默•罗珀尔在纽约《财富》杂♥志♥上
compiles for publication a continuous record
为刊物汇编了一份连续的记录
of the nations approval or disapproval of how the country is being run."
以显示国民对国家体制的认同或反对状况
Gallup and Roper rejected Bernays' view that human beings were at the mercy of unconscious forces
盖洛普和罗珀驳斥了伯奈斯的观点
and so needed to be controlled.
即人类受潜意识力量的支配，因此需要被控制
Their system of opinion polling was based on the idea
他们的民♥意♥调查系统是基于这样一种理念：
that people could be trusted to know what they wanted.
即确信人们明白自己想要的是什么
They argued that one could measure and predict the opinions and behavior of the public
他们反驳说，如果一个人严格按照事实提问
if one asked strictly factual questions and avoided manipulating their emotions.
那么他的公共意见和行为就是可以被衡量和预测的
Well, how about this one? Do you think Franklin D. Roosevelt's new deal
这样，你认为罗斯福的新政
has been bad for the nation in general?
大体上对国家是糟糕的吗？
No, that question is loaded.. It automaticly sugests an answer..
不，这问题带有暗示性，它自动暗示了答案
Well, how 'bout this?
那么这个怎么样
Is your present feeling towards president Roosevelt, one of general aproval, or general disaproval?
你现在对罗斯福总统的感觉是
That's better!...
这样就好多了...
George Gallup Jr.
小乔治·盖勒普 乔治·盖勒普之子
Prior to scientific polling the view of many people
在科学的民♥意♥调查之前，很多人认为
was that you couldn't trust public opinion, that it was irrational;
公众的意见不可信，因为那是不理性的;
that it was ill-informed, that it was chaotic, unruly and so forth;
是病态的、混乱无序的等等
and so that opinion should be dismissed.
这个观点应该被抛弃
But with scientific polling I think it established very clearly that,
通过科学的调查，我可以确凿地认为
people are rational, that they do make good decisions,
人们是理性的，他们可以做出好的决定
and this offers democracy a chance to be truly informed by the public
而这为民♥主♥提供了一个真正被公众所了解的机会
giving everybody a voice in the way the country is run.
让每个人都能在国家治理的
I know my father wouldn't necessarily say that the voice of the public is the voice of God,
我知道父亲不一定会说，公众的声音就是上帝之声
but he did feel very much that the voice of the people is a rational voice
但他真的觉得人♥民♥的声音是一种理性的声音
and should be heard.
并且应该被听取
What Roosevelt was doing was forging a new connection between the masses and politicians.
罗斯福所做的就是在群众
No longer were they irrational consumers who were managed by sating their desires,
他们不再是被欲望所控制的不理性消费者
instead, they were sensible citizens who could take part in the governing of the country.
而是可以参与到国家治理当中的明智公民
In 1936 Roosevelt stood for re-election.
1936年罗斯福再次当选
He promised further control over big business.
他承诺要进一步控制大企业
To the corporations it was the beginning of a dictatorship.
对于企业来说，这是独♥裁♥政♥权♥的开始
Roosevelt interferes with private enterprise
罗斯福干涉私营企业
and he's running the country into debt for generations to come.
他让这个国家的几代人都负债累累
The way to get recovery is to let business alone.
而恢复经济的方法就是让企业自生自灭
But Roosevelt was triumphantly re-elected.
但罗斯福成再次成功当选
"It looks , my friens,
看上去，我的朋友们
"like a real land-slide, this time..
这真是一次大获全胜…
So, please let me thank you again, and tell you that I hope to see you all very soon,
所以，我要再次感谢你们，希望尽快能与你们相见
and wish you an affectionate good night!
祝你们有个愉快的夜晚！
Faced with this, business now decided to fight back,
面对这种情况，企业决定反击
to regain power in America.
重新夺回在美国的权力
At the heart of the battle would be Edward Bernays and the profession he had invented,
战斗的核心将是爱德华•伯奈斯和他创立的职业
public relations.
公共关系
Following that lecture,
在就职演说之后
business people start to get together and start to carry on discussions,
商业人士聚在一起，并展开讨论
primarily in private and they start talking to each other about the need to sort of carry on
主要是私下交谈，他们开始互相讨论是否有必要
ideological warfare against the New Deal.
展开反对新政的意识形态斗争
And to sort of reassert the sort of connectedness
重新明确双方之间的关系
between the idea of democracy on the one hand and the idea of privately owned business on the other.
一方是民♥主♥的理念，一方是私有企业的理念
And so, under the umbrella of an organization that still exists
所以，一个保护伞组织仍然存在
which is called The National Association of Manufacturers
它就是“国家制♥造♥商协会”
and whose membership included all of the major corporations of the United States
其成员包括美国所有的大公♥司♥
a campaign is launched explicitly designed to create emotional attachments
一场旨在公众和大企业之间
between the public and big business;
创建情感纽带的竞赛开始了
it's Bernays' techniques being used on a grand scale. I mean totally.
这是伯奈斯的技术被大规模的完全应用
"General Motors Parade of Progress"
（通用汽车公♥司♥巡展）
The campaign set out to show dramatically that it was business not politicians
这场竞赛戏剧性地表明
who have created modern America.
是商业造就了现代美国，而非政客
Bernays was an advisor to General Motors but he was no longer alone.
伯奈斯是通用汽车的顾问，他也不再孤单
The industry he had founded now flourished
他创建的行业现如今蓬勃发展
as hundreds of public relations advisors organized a vast campaign.
数百名公♥关♥顾问被召集起来参与这场大型竞赛
They not only used advertisements and billboards but managed to insinuate their message
他们不仅善用广♥告♥和广♥告♥牌，而且还能设法
into the editorial pages of the newspapers.
让他们的信息渗透到报纸的社论版上
It became a bitter fight.
它变成了一场激战
In response to the campaign the government made films
为了应战，政♥府♥制♥作♥了电影
to warn about the unscrupulous manipulation of the press by big business
警示大企业对媒体肆无忌惮的操控
and the central villain was the new figure of the public relations man.
而主要反派就是公♥关♥界的新人物
"They try to achieve their ends by working entirely behind the scenes
他们试图完全隐藏在幕后
corrupting and deceiving the public.
腐蚀、欺诈公众，以便达到目的
The aims of such groups may be either good or bad so far as the public interest is concerned,
就公众利益而言，这些团体的目的也许有好有坏
but their methods are a grave danger to democratic institutions."
但他们的方式是对民♥主♥制度的严重危害
The films also showed how the responsible citizens could monitor the press themselves.
这些影片还展示了负责的公民如何监督媒体
They could create a chart that analyzed the reporting for signs of hidden bias.
他们可以创建一个图表，分♥析♥报告中隐藏偏见的迹象
But such earnest instruction was to be no match for the powerful imagination of Edward Bernays.
但这种认真的指导无法与
He was about to help create a vision of the utopia that free market capitalism
他有着帮美国创建乌托邦的愿景
would build in America if it was unleashed.
如果资本主义自♥由♥化能够得以释放
In 1939 New York hosted the World's Fair.
1939年纽约举办了世界博览会
Edward Bernays was a central adviser.
爱德华•伯奈斯是首席顾问
He insisted that the theme be the link between democracy and American business.
他强调的主题是民♥主♥和美国企业的关联
At the heart of the fair was a giant white dome that Bernays named "Democra-City"
博览会的中心是一座巨型白色圆顶，伯奈斯命名为“民♥主♥市”
and the central exhibit was a vast working model of America's future
核心展品是一座巨大的美国未来的工程模型