人类：我们所有人的故事（2012）

Mankind: the Story of All of Us S01E02

Part 3 March 12, 2021, 2:34 p.m.

他从13岁就开始争夺皇位
He's been fighting for his throne since age 13.
他在三次刺杀政♥变♥中
He's survived a coup,
幸存了下来
Three assassination attempts.
他49岁时
Now aged 49,
已建立了一个王朝并相信其会昌盛不朽
He's created an empire he believes will last forever.
一项新技术对于他的成功至关重要
Crucial to his success, a new type of technology:
那就是铸铁术
Cast iron.
通过在高炉中加热铁
By superheating iron in a blast furnace,
中国铁工为人类未来工业的发展
Chinese metalworkers lay foundations
奠定了基础
for mankind's industrial future.
只需要将液态铁注入模子
Basically you can pour iron into a mould
就能铸成你预想形状的铁器
and make pretty much whatever you want.
这样就拥有了世界先进的技术
Then you have really a world-beating technology.
为了得到跟模子一样的铁器
The liquid iron is cast into moulds
数千名铁匠将液态铁
to produce identical objects,
注入模子
by the thousands.
公元前两百年大规模生产诞生
200 years before christ, the birth of mass production.
技术革新受到
A technological revolution
伟大游戏规则制定者的推动
driven by one of the greatest game-changers:
那就是战争
War.
战争推动技术的发展是人类历史上
A sad but inescapable fact of human history
一个可悲但无法回避的事实
is that war drives technology.
新型的武器将改变战争的模式
A new kind of weapon will transform the way we fight,
有助于国家统一
Help unify an empire,
也为工业的发展创造了基础
and lay the foundations for a feat of engineering
这一切将改变整个世界
That will change the face of the planet.
公元前两百年的中国
China, 200 years before christ.
秦始皇的士兵们
The soldiers of China's first emperor
用一种新型武器改变了战争形态
change the face of warfare with a new kind of weapon:
它就是弩
The crossbow.
中国的弩其弦能向后拉二十四英寸
The Chinese crossbow draws back nearly 24 inches,
24英寸约合61厘米
是欧洲十字弓的五倍
more than five times that of a European crossbow,
在弓的重量一样时就会多出五倍的发力
so, for the same weight of bow, you get five times the power,
五倍的射程和穿透力
five times the range and five times the punch.
弩箭为铁芯
Bolts with an iron core,
若以很快的速度射出射程可达四分之一英里
fired at high velocity, nearly a quarter mile.
四分之一英里约合402.34米
在人类历史上
In the history of mankind,
这是大规模生产第一次
this was really the first time that mass productions
对一个国家的建立
became so important as part of state building,
起着如此重要的作用
empire building.
弩使用简便只需几天时间的训练
Easy to use, with just a few days' training,
步兵就能成为杀人机器
Foot soldiers become killing machines.
士兵们三人一组
They drilled three-man crews,
一个用脚固定着弓
so that you would have one man bracing it with his feet.
然后旁边的士兵上箭
He would then pass it to a man standing who would load it,
接着交给在他前方的士兵射击
who would pass it to a forward man who would shoot it,
这时第一个士兵又得到时间
by which time the man on the ground
做下一轮的准备
had got round to the front,
这样整个军队可以万箭齐发
and so the army could advance with this constant fusillade,
稳步挺进
this constant barrage of crossbow arrows.
对于发展军队而言
It really was the most aggressive mechanism
这是很具有攻击性的武器
for advancing an army.
它的创新点在于标准统一可交换零件
A new innovation: standardized, interchangeable parts.
十字弓是历史上首个
The crossbow is the first modular weapon system
组合式的武器系统
basically in history.
如果一个武器系统
So now you have a weapon system
有很多零部件
where I can have extra spare parts,
诸如额外的绳子钢铁或木头
extra strings, extra steel, extra wood.
你就能够很快地造好该武器
You can build it quickly,
轻松替换其零部件
you can replace its parts very easily,
也能快速将其组装好
you can fix it quickly.
大约两千年以后
It will be 2000 years...
标准化大规模生产
before standardized mass-produced parts
在其它武器装备生产中得以普及
become common in other weapons.
美国制枪者中就有些先驱采用大规模生产
American gun-makers are some of the first pioneers,
如1861年的斯普林菲尔德步♥枪♥的制♥造♥
Making the 1861 "Springfield" Rifle musket.
十年后45口径柯尔特式自动手♥枪♥亦如此
A decade later, the iconic colt .45.
若能在短时间内尽可能多地生产武器
If I can mass produce a bunch of these things,
就能很快获得更多战役的胜利
I'm going to be able to win a lot of battles very quickly.
凭借着弩这一装备
Armed with the crossbow,
秦始皇的军队迅速统一了六国
The armies of the first emperor storm across 6 warring kingdoms.
短短九年时间他征服了一百万平方英里的疆域
In just 9 years he conquers more than a million square miles.
和二千七百万人♥民♥
27 million people.
中国的第一位史学家记载道:
China's first historian writes:
"他的部队像蚕食桑叶一样
"His armies devour the land
"征服了一片片疆域
"Like a silk worm eats a mulberry leaf.
"他们势如破竹无人可挡"
"Nothing will stop them."
中国历史上的第一位皇帝
The first emperor of China put an end
为数百年的战国时期划上了句号♥
to hundreds of years of states warring against one another.
通过统一中国他统一了所谓的
By unifying China, he unified what is, quote/unquote,
"一切统一了世间万物"
all under heaven, all creatures under heaven.
这次统一标志着
And this victory symbolized
中国的诞生
the concept of the birth of China.
为了保卫新生的国家这位君王
To defend his new empire, the first emperor begins
开始了人类历史上最大规模的
Perhaps the most ambitious engineering project
工程建设:
In the story of mankind:
修筑长城
The great wall of China.
长城是为抵御亚洲其他游牧民族的入侵而建
Designed to hold back the nomadic hordes of central Asia,
修建工程持续到之后的一千八百年
And extended over the next 1800 years.
共动用了一百万人力
Construction claims a million lives.
但在十一年的统治后
But after 11 years of rule,
在前往寻找传说中
On a journey to find a legendary magical spring
喝后能永生的泉水的路途上
Said to hold the secret of eternal life,
秦始皇这个人类历史上最强大的君王
Shi huang di, the most powerful man in the world,
病了
Falls ill.
御医为他开了含水银的所谓的长生不老药
Mercury tablets prescribed by his doctors to make him immortal
彻底地摧毁了他的身体和大脑
Are destroying his brain and body.
秦始皇一心想长生不老
The first emperor's pursuit for immortality
是因为其性格的狂妄自大
stemmed from his megalomania.
他创建了一个史无前例
He had conquered and created
幅员辽阔的国家
this vast, never-seen-before empire,
就妄想永久地统治它
and he thought he would rule forever.
但他无法战胜死亡
But he could not cheat death.
秦始皇中国的第一位皇帝
Aged 49, shi huang di,
在其四十九岁那年驾崩
China's first emperor, dies.
他被安葬于一个二十平方英里的陵墓里
He's buried in a tomb stretching 20 square miles,
21平方英里约合51平方千米
但在另一个世界中他并不孤单
But he does not journey to the afterlife alone.
未曾生育过的妃嫔为他陪葬
With him go the wives who failed to bear him children.
为了掩盖墓穴的秘密
And hundreds of craftsmen,
几百名工匠被活埋
buried alive to keep the secrets of his tomb.
为了守卫地下王国
And guarding their emperor,
还特意建造了八千兵士
An extraordinary force of 8000 soldiers.
这就是兵马俑
The terracotta army.
每一个兵马俑神态各异
Every single one unique,
想必是按照真人的模子铸造而成
believed by some to be modeled on real people.
正当铁器时代在中国铸造了一个王朝时
While in China the age of iron forges an empire,
非洲一舰队正扬帆起航
Off the coast of Africa a fleet sails on an expedition
人类历史上首个伟大的探索时代拉开帷幕
That launches mankind's first great age of exploration.
率领了六十艘船的
Leading a fleet of 60 ships,
是迦太基的国王汉诺
Hanno, king of carthage.
他是个冒险家也是位先驱者
Adventurer, pioneer.
他是有记录以来最早扬帆起航
He's on one of the first recorded voyages of discovery,
探寻未知世界的先驱之一
Pushing into the unknown.
汉诺的手下是腓尼基人
Hanno's people are the phoenicians,
腓尼基是一个从事海上贸易的王国
A maritime trading empire
其殖民地均分布在地中海区域
With colonies all over the Mediterranean.
这让腓尼基人成为了世界上最棒的造船者
It's made them the best shipbuilders in the world.
他们造船的秘诀是铁
Their secret: iron.
铁跟青铜相比其优势在于