人类：我们所有人的故事（2012）

Mankind: the Story of All of Us S01E08

Part 2 March 12, 2021, 2:36 p.m.

那份缺失的反应原料
The missing ingredient,
就是用来为羽毛染色的常见物质
a common substance used to tan leather:
硫酸铜
Copper sulfate.
银矿与汞反应时
Reacting with mercury,
硫酸铜就可作为催化剂
The missing catalyst that separates the silver
将银与其他杂质分开
From its impurities.
这一发现成为了将波托西的银矿石
The key that turns the mines of Potosi
转化为人类史上最大一笔财富的关键
Into the richest source of silver mankind has ever known.
梅迪纳的发现使得南美洲遍地的银矿
Medina made those silver mines of South America
戏剧般地变得尤为高产
dramatically more productive.
短短一夜之间大量白银
And the flow of silver going into global trade
流入全球各类交易之中
just took off over night.
凭借每年二百二十吨♥银矿石的开采量
220 tons of silver mined each year,
波托西跃升为全球最为繁忙的工业生产基地
Potosi becomes the busiest industrial complex in the world.
三座巨型熔炉运转不息
In each year, in three giant furnaces,
西班牙人每年可铸造二百五十万枚银币
The Spanish mint 2.5 million silver coins.
"八块钱"
'pesos de ocho', pieces of eight:
西班牙银圆的币值等同八枚小银币故坊间俚语称之为八块钱
是世界上第一种通用货币
The world's first universal currency.
白银成为了人类繁荣的关键
Silver becomes the key to mankind's prosperity.
这些西班牙银元在世界各地流通
These Spanish coins were seen everywhere in the world.
它们统一了全世界的商业网
They unite the world in a web of commerce.
一块银元相当于现在的八十美元
A single coin worth the equivalent of $80.00 today,
它在1857年前一直是美国的法定货币
Legal tender in the U.S.A until 1857.
随西班牙皇家纹章上的漩涡形装饰和双柱
The scroll and pillars of the Spanish royal crest
应运而生的是世界上最具权势的象征之一:
Inspires one of the world's most potent symbols:
美元的符号♥
The dollar sign.
其结果是不同凡响的
The result is extraordinary.
随着银元从美洲大♥陆♥喷涌而出
The entire world's economy is affected,
穿越大西洋传入欧洲
as this silver just explodes out of the Americas,
全世界的经济都受到了影响
crosses the Pacific, crosses into Europe,
一时间繁荣昌盛蒸蒸日上
and there's an enormous burst of prosperity.
这就是全球化真正的开端
This is the true beginning of globalization.
西班牙舰队从美洲大♥陆♥运送出了
Spanish fleets ship 50,000 tons of silver
五万吨♥白银
Out of the Americas,
创造了新的大西洋贸易
Creating a new Atlantic trade.
一时间大量的财富涌进市场
Suddenly we have mass quantities coming onto the market
这也将真正彻底改变欧洲的贸易
which is going to really transform all of European trade.
我们所见到的是欧洲焕然一新
What we see is a whole new booming economy
蓬勃发展的经济
in Europe.
一个个新的贸易中心如雨后春笋般出现:
New trading centers rise:
塞维利亚里斯本伦敦
Seville, Lisbon, London,
还有沿海的一个年轻的小国家: 荷兰
And on the coast of a small new country, the Netherlands,
它有世上最富有最繁忙的贸易城市
The world's richest and busiest trading city:
阿姆斯特丹
Amsterdam.
一座充斥着财富和欲望的城市
A city of new wealth and new desires,
即将引发世界上最不同凡响的
About to trigger the world's most extraordinary
繁荣和萧条
Boom and bust,
并把其未来押在了一种鲜花上那就是郁金香
And gamble its future on a flower: the tulip.
阿姆斯特丹 1639年
Amsterdam, 1639.
一座挥霍着新货币的城市
A city flush with new money.
西班牙人征服新世界一个世纪之后
A century after the Spanish conquest of the new world,
美洲大♥陆♥的财富和全球贸易的爆发
The riches of the Americas and an explosion of global trade
使荷兰成为了世界上
Have turned the Netherlands into the richest nation
最富有的国家
On the planet.
荷兰人掌控了全球半数以上的商船
The Dutch control over half the world's shipping.
造就了世界上数量最多的百万富翁
More new millionaires than anywhere else on earth.
在欧洲拥有最高的人均收入
The highest income per head in Europe.
这是一座沉迷于赌博的城市
A city in love with gambling.
沉湎于刺♥激♥ 扬·范·戈因
Caught up in the excitement: Jan van Goyen.
一位苦苦奋斗的画家
Struggling artist,
正在寻找新的方法创造财富
looking for a new way to make his fortune.
在一座富裕的城市
In a wealthy city,
一座满是伟大的商人和企业的城市里
a city of great merchants and great enterprises
他是一个勤奋毫不懈怠的人
he's a guy on the move,
他想靠自己的行动而有所收获
and he wants to get in on this action.
新的财富驱使了对于新的奢侈品的需求
New wealth drives the demand for new luxuries,
一种奇异的的进口商品
And one exotic import has captured
捕获了公众的想象力这就是郁金香
The public's imagination: the tulip.
从土耳其进口
Imported from Turkey,
样式最为奇异的郁金香是因为
The patterns of the most exotic tulips are created
一小部分球茎感染了一种病毒
By a virus that attacks only some bulbs,
使之成为最稀有且最难培育的品种
Making them rare and hard to cultivate.
今天一株郁金香球茎售价约为五十美分
Today, a tulip bulb sells for about 50 cents.
但在1636年的荷兰最稀有的球茎要卖♥♥到
But in Holland in 1636, the rarest bulbs are selling
同等质量黄金价格的一百倍
For 100 times their weight in gold.
阿姆斯特丹的商人们正在发明
Amsterdam's merchants are inventing
赚钱的新方法投机买♥♥卖♥♥诞生了
New ways of making money: the birth of speculation.
在一些酒馆的密室中
In the back rooms of taverns,
郁金香商人们并不是在销♥售♥郁金香或球茎
Tulip merchants sell not flowers or bulbs,
而是在销♥售♥下一年收割的权利
But the rights to next year's harvest.
这就是世界上第一个期货市场
The world's first future's market.
现在所有的农产品都在期货市场交易
Today all agricultural products are sold at futures markets.
你可以购买♥♥还没有收割的农作物
You can buy crops that have not been harvested yet.
同样地郁金香也在
Similarly tulips were bought
交付日期前提前交易
in advance of their delivery date.
仅在1636年十一月这一个月中
In one month in November 1636,
郁金香期货合约的价格就已经翻了两番
The price of tulip shares has quadrupled.
范·戈因看到了商机
Van Goyen sees an opportunity.
直到如今如果当时你不是贵族
Until now, if you weren't nobility
也不是伟大的商人
or a great merchant,
你就没法变得家财万贯
you weren't wealthy,
但现在有一个机会能让普通人变得富有
but here's a chance for the common people to become wealthy.
范·戈因对于快速收益信心满满
Confident of a quick return,
他把所有积蓄都投资到了郁金香期货合约上
Van goyen invests all his savings in tulip shares.
十二月初郁金香球茎的价格
By the beginning of December, the price of tulip bulbs
飙升到一个月前的十倍
Reaches ten times their price a month before.
泡沫已经开始膨胀了
A bubble has started to inflate.
到十二月十二号♥ 价格又翻了一番
By December 12th, the price doubles again.
莱顿: 荷兰西部城市
在莱顿附近的一场拍卖♥♥会上
At an auction in nearby Leiden,
一位旅店老板的七个身无分文的遗孤
The seven penniless orphans of an innkeeper
将他们的希望寄托在
Pin their hopes for the future
他们已逝父亲收藏的几株郁金香球茎上
On their dead father's small collection of tulip bulbs.
不到一个小时每个孩子赚到的钱是
In less than an hour, each child earns
一位普通工匠年收入的四十倍
40 times the annual income of an average craftsmen.
郁金香让孤儿们变成了百万富翁
Tulips turn orphans into millionaires,
而价格还在持续上涨
And the price continues to rise.
郁金香狂潮牵动着荷兰
Holland is gripped by tulip mania.
如果你看着郁金香的价格
If you watch the price of tulips
持续走俏高居不下
go up and up and up,
你就会觉得如果没有参与到
you start to think you're a fool
这场价格飙升战之中自己就太傻了
if you don't get on that escalator and ride it up.
三天后范·戈因像其他人一样
Three days later, Van Goyen, like many others,
购买♥♥了更多的郁金香期货合约
Buys more tulip shares.
如你所知一株郁金香就只值一株的价钱
You may well know that a tulip is only worth a tulip
而不是一大笔钱
and not worth a fortune,
但如果别人认为它价格不菲
but if other people think it's worth a fortune,
那你就会大赚一笔
then you'll make a lot of money.
到1637年一月价格又翻了一番
By January 1637, the price has doubled again.
现在一些明智的投资者决定卖♥♥出他们的合约
Now, a few wise investors decide to sell their shares
赚个盆满钵满
And make fortunes.
金融市场的一切都取决于时机
Everything in financial markets is about timing.
你买♥♥进合约的时机和卖♥♥出的时机
The time you enter a contract and the timing you get out.
范·戈因一直保留着他的期货合约
Van Goyen hangs onto his,
他确信价格还会继续上涨
Confident that the market will continue to rise and rise.
我可以理解他
I can see myself in his shoes.
他看到孤儿们发了财
He saw the orphans getting rich,
他觉得自己也可以大赚一笔
he thought he would like to be in the mix himself.
如果不买♥♥期货就会错失良机
That if he didn't get in, then he'd miss the boat,
白白叹息
he'd miss his chance.