人类：我们所有人的故事（2012）

Mankind: the Story of All of Us S01E05

Part 2 March 12, 2021, 2:36 p.m.

这是迄今为止人类历史上最大的帝国
The largest empire so far in human history.
而成功的关键在于: 通信
And the key to its success: communication.
驿马快信出现的600年前
600 years before the pony express,
蒙古人就能在马背上传递信息
The mongols can send messages by horseback
穿越相当于美国国土面♥积♥两倍之大的领土
Across an area twice the size of the United States.
每经过30英里(相当于48公里)
Every 30 miles,
就需要400匹马接替传递
a relay post with 400 horses.
汗国的信使随身携带一枚官方令牌
Government messengers, carrying an official medallion,
以此领♥取♥食物更换马匹
Can claim food and a fresh mount.
这就是世界上最早的通行证
The world's first passport.
成吉思汗远征的成果之一
As a result of Genghis Khan's conquests,
就是历史上首次有人
for the first time in history,
能够平安地从世界的一头
one can safely travel from one end of the world
到达世界的另一尽头
to the other end.
纸印刷术和火♥药♥
Paper, printing and gunpowder
从东方传入西方
Will head from east to west,
是打开人类未来之门的钥匙
All keys to the future of mankind.
但与此同时一个致命的杀手还逍遥法外
But at the same time, a killer is on the loose,
它将夺去欧洲约一半人的生命
That'll wipe out up to half of Europe's population.
它就是人类永远的敌人: 疾病
Mankind battles an enduring enemy: disease.
伊塞克湖是亚欧途中的一个商栈
Issyk kul, a trading post, midway between Europe and Asia.
成吉思汗一个多世纪前就已去世
Genghis Khan has been dead for more than a century,
但他的王朝还在延续
But his empire continues.
在这条贸易商路上还有一位致命行者
Along its trade routes, a deadly traveler.
细菌
Bacteria.
35亿年间
For three and a half billion years,
这些微生物几乎覆盖了
Virtually every corner of the earth has been covered
地球上每一个角落
By these micro-organisms.
我们体内的菌细胞数量
Our own bodies contain more bacterial cells
甚至超过了人类细胞数量
Than human cells.
大部分菌细胞是无害的
Most are harmless,
许多甚至是必不可少的
many are essential,
但这些细菌却带有致命的杀伤力
But these have the power to kill.
在伊塞克湖一场疫病爆发了
At Issyk Kul, a pandemic begins.
记录在案的第一位患者叫库特卢克
One of the first recorded victims, Kutluk.
是一位已婚的基♥督♥教♥徒♥ 在劫难逃
Married, Christian, doomed.
他妻子的偏方并没什么疗效
His wife's folk remedies have no effect.
试想一下你丈夫做完买♥♥卖♥♥回来
Imagine your husband comes back from trading
长出这些青紫色的大水疱身体不适
and he has these big blue blisters, he feels ill.
这是来自空气还是所饮之水?
Is it from the air? Is it from the water he drank?
或是体内有某些不明生物?
Is it some foreign animal inside?
到底发生了什么?
What's going on?
你完全束手无策
You're completely confused.
细菌在库特卢克血液里穿行
Bacteria rush through Kutluk's bloodstream.
它们瞒骗过他的免疫系统无情地扩散
They outwit his immune system and spread relentlessly,
使他的腺体扭曲肿大
Distorting and swelling his glands.
他的皮肤突然长出巨大的脓疡
His skin erupts in giant puss-filled sores,
这是腹股沟淋巴结炎
Buboes.
黑死病(鼠疫)
Bubonic plague.
它通过几近无法看见的载体传播
Passed on by an almost invisible carrier...
那就是跳蚤
The flea.
它们以血液为食
Its staple diet is blood.
叮咬时会向血液里注入鼠疫杆菌
When it bites, it vomits plague bacteria into the bloodstream.
库特卢克的妻子对此并不了解
Kutluk's wife doesn't know it,
但她也被跳蚤叮咬了
But she too has been bitten.
几天之内他们都将死去
Within days both of them will be dead.
1337年伊塞克湖有四人死亡
In 1337, 4 people die in Issyk Kul.
两年后又有一百起死亡病例
Two years later, there are 100 deaths.
但这仅仅是个开始
But this is just the beginning.
一旦传播开来传染就无法断绝
Once they've spread, these infections don't stop.
交通工具的发展
Improved transportation makes diseases
使得疾病几乎无法抑制
almost impossible to control.
跳蚤携带着鼠疫病毒
The fleas that carry the plague
搭上了与我们关系最密切的伙伴之一
Hitch a lift from one of our closest companions...
黑鼠
The black rat.
黑鼠原产于亚洲热带地区六世纪进入欧洲
原产于亚洲通过罗马人传入欧洲
Native to Asia, they spread to Europe with the Romans.
一对黑鼠一年可以产两千只后代
From a pair of rats, 2000 new offspring a year.
而每只老鼠可以携带八只感染鼠疫的跳蚤
And every rat can carry eight plague-infected fleas.
黑鼠在蒙古贸易航路中的货物里
Black rats infest the cargo
大肆繁衍
That travels along the mongol trade routes.
从伊塞克湖扩散开
Spreading out from Issyk Kul,
鼠疫蔓延东至中国
The plague sweeps east to China
西至欧洲
And west towards Europe.
卡法(埃塞俄比亚地名) 位于黑海
Kaffa, on the Black Sea.
是一个繁荣的港口
A thriving port
处于中西交接的交叉路口
At the crossroads of East and West,
由意大利商人掌控
Controlled by Italian merchants.
有个男人被认为是将鼠疫带入欧洲的始作俑者
One man is credited with speeding the plague into Europe,
他就是成吉思汗的后裔札尼别
A descendant of Genghis Khan, Jani Beg.
札尼别: 金帐汗国第十一任可汗
他谋害嫡亲兄弟夺取汗位
He murdered his own brother to seize power.
现在他想将蒙古帝国向西扩张
Now he wants to expand the mongol empire westwards.
卡法就是他的绊脚石
Kaffa stands in his way.
但他拥有一个可怕的新武器
But he has a terrible new weapon.
鼠疫夺走了他的士兵
The plague kills his soldiers
士兵更替不及
Faster than they can be replaced.
但这也让札尼别萌生出一个想法
But that gives Jani Beg an idea.
他将死去的人当做弹♥药♥
His dead men become ammunition.
生化战争并不是全新的
Biological warfare wasn't entirely new.
公元前六世纪
In the 6th century BC,
亚述人和希腊人都曾用过毒井
both the Assyrians and the Greeks used to poison wells.
但是在卡法蒙古人进入另一个阶段
But at Kaffa, the Mongols took it another stage.
他们采用生理战
They launched it physically,
就像化学炸♥弹♥一样
like a chemical bomb.
生物武器是绝对致命的
Biological weapons are so deadly,
在165个国家被法律禁止
They've been outlawed in 165 countries,
包括俄♥罗♥斯♥和美国
Including Russia and the United States.
但其残留物仍被认为
But it is thought more than enough remain
足以使人类瞬间毁灭
To wipe out mankind at a stroke.
从未有人像札尼别这样使用生物武器
No one has ever used biological weapons like Jani Beg.
一位年代史编者写道:
One chronicler writes:
"堆积如山的尸体被投入这座城市
"What seemed like mountains of dead were thrown into the city.
腐烂的尸体污染了空气
"The rotting corpses tainted the air.
到处弥漫着恶臭"
"The stench was overwhelming."
再没有比生物战场上所释放的细菌
There can be no weapon that is as terrifying
更恐怖的武器了
as what is unleashed with biological warfare.
你看不见细菌
You cannot see germs,
看不见疾病
you cannot see disease,
不知道如何免疫对此你无能为力
and nothing you can do can make you immune to it.
卡法的居民试图逃离鼠疫
The inhabitants of Kaffa try to out-run the plague
逃往欧洲
And flee to Europe.
他们已感染疾病却毫不知情
They have no idea they're bringing the disease with them.
鼠疫
The plague,
正在前往世界人口最为密集的大♥陆♥的途中
En route to the world's most densely populated continent.
1348年在意大利锡耶纳
Siena, Italy. 1348.
有一家人将自己锁在房♥里
A family locks itself in,
希望将疾病挡于门外
Hoping to lock the disease out.
父亲写下了对此的描述
The father writes an account,
成为仅存的史料之一
One of the only surviving records,
欧洲入侵就此开始
As the invasion of Europe begins.
"这是件残忍♥而可怕的事
"It was a cruel and horrible thing.
对于它的残酷无情
"I don't know where to begin,
我不知从何讲起"
"To tell of its brutal and pitiless ways.
人类开始为生存而战
The battle for the survival of mankind has begun.
人类面对的是灭顶之战
Mankind faces a battle against extinction.
在意大利锡耶纳
Siena, Italy.
鼠疫侵入欧洲之后的六个月
Six months after the plague invades Europe,
数千人死亡
Thousands are dead.
阿格诺罗·迪·图拉
Agnolo Di Tura...
是一位当地商人城镇的年代史记录者
Local businessman, the town chronicler,