人类：我们所有人的故事（2012）

Mankind: the Story of All of Us S01E09

Part 2 March 12, 2021, 2:37 p.m.

气温降到一万年来的最低点
The coldest conditions in 10,000 years.
人们喜欢穿皮草
People wanted to wear furs
是因为它能保温尤其是在严寒季节
because they kept them warm, especially in cold climates.
还有一个原因
But they also wanted furs
就是皮草能完美地炫耀
because they are a beautiful statement
他们在社会上的地位
of their place in society.
德兹涅夫的捕猎队伍
Dezhnev's hunting party
每天需摄入六千卡路里的能量才能存活
needs 6,000 calories a day to survive.
他们吃树皮甚至是驯鹿的粪便
They'll eat anything: tree bark, even reindeer feces.
"我经历了各种饥饿和穷困
"I suffered all kinds of want and destitution.
我吃过落叶松松树皮甚至各种恶心的东西
I ate larch and pine bark, and accepted filth."
但这里同样是埃文基族人的故乡...
But this is also the home of the Evenki...
他们离群索居靠捕猎采集为生
hunter gatherers living in near isolation.
一直延续到现在
Until now.
事实上这里并不是空空如也
The fact is they're not empty wildernesses.
这里有人居住
There are people living there.
而这些人每次都算好时机
And these people often times get in the way
阻碍那些来此寻找商机的人的脚步
of the progress of the seeking-out of commodity.
早期期刊记载了埃文基族人当时的心态:
Early journals record the Evenki mindset:
"这是我们的土地我们不愿被奴役"
"We own the land here, we do not wish to become slaves."
埃文基族人都是敏捷安静的猎手
The Evenki are swift and silent hunters.
箭头由鹿角制成
Arrow tips made from reindeer antler
可以刺穿人的头盖骨
That can pierce a human skull.
但仍无法与成就人类未来的武器相提并论
But no match for a weapon that shapes the future of mankind.
纵观整个星球
Across the planet,
开拓者与古老文明碰撞
Pioneers clash with ancient cultures,
占领新疆土
Conquer new lands.
是什么让他们略胜一筹呢?
What gives them the edge?
枪
The gun.
枪起源于中国
Invented in China,
发展于欧洲
Developed in Europe,
现在用生铁大量生产
Now being mass produced using cast iron.
产量激增了1♥0♥0♥0♥0♥%
Production skyrockets 10,000%.
它改变了游戏规则
It is a game-changer.
总会有人
There's always gonna be someone
想在原有基础上有所改进
who wants to improve upon the idea,
让枪更大更好
make it bigger, better,
速度更快威力更强
faster, stronger,
更致命
more lethal.
出口速度时速700英里
Muzzle velocity: 700 miles per hour,
时速700英里约合194千米每小时
比箭的速度快七倍
Seven times faster than an arrow.
德兹涅夫在日记里描述了这场战斗
Dezhnev records the battle in his diary:
"我在争斗中杀死了他们中的一些精英
"I killed some of their best men in that fight,
也伤了他们很多人"
"And we wounded many others."
蛮夷之地被开♥发♥
The wilderness is being tamed,
统治者由狩猎者取而代之
Hunter-gatherers displaced.
一场冲突结束了
A conflict playing out across the planet.
德兹涅夫成了富翁
Dezhnev makes it home a rich man.
皮草交易打通了两片大♥陆♥
The trade in fur opens up two continents.
俄♥罗♥斯♥夺取了西伯利亚和阿♥拉♥斯加的主♥权♥
Russia seizes control of Siberia and Alaska,
领土翻了四倍
And quadruples in size.
在北美
In North America,
皮草交易开♥发♥了蛮夷之地
The fur trade opens up the wilderness.
荷兰商人新建港口将皮草运至欧洲
Dutch traders establish a port to ship fur to Europe.
一年可卖♥♥出八万匹皮草
80,000 pelts a year,
在现今价值4800万美元
Worth $48 million today,
成就了一个新的商业之都
Creating a new commercial capital:
那就是纽约
New York.
现在对我们来说
It's almost inconceivable of us
回想俄♥罗♥斯♥和美国两个超级大国的发展
to think back on two super powers,
几乎不可思议
Russia and America,
这两个国家
and both of them were given
真正的经济进程
their real economic starts
都始于小型毛绒动物的交易
on the back of small furry animals.
大自然的资源
The resources of the natural world
推动了商业的新纪♥元♥
Drive a new age of commerce.
皮草糖咖啡茶和烟草
Fur, sugar, coffee, tea and tobacco.
但在未知海域运输商品
But transporting them is a deadly job
却是件危险而致命的工作
Through uncharted seas.
每五次航行就有一次会以海难终结
One in five journeys ends in disaster.
海洋就是墓地
The world's oceans are graveyards.
在海上航行最大的挑战就是
The great challenge in navigating the seas
如何定位
is knowing where you are,
以防你撞到东西沉没
so you don't crash into stuff and die.
而船只触礁沉没却是再寻常不过的了
And ships were doing that all the time.
这些人如同驶入一部恐怖片
These guys are sailing into a horror movie.
他们不知道发生了什么
They have no idea what's happening,
他们驶入了未知领域
and they're moving into mystery.
这真的很吓人
It's got to have been terrifying.
水手通过测量月亮和星星间的角度
Sailors navigate by measuring the angles
来驾驶船舶
Between the moon and the stars
然后与星图相比较
And comparing them with star charts.
但这些星图简略粗糙也不准确
But these charts are basic and inaccurate.
那个时候天文导航和其精确性
In those days, celestial navigation and being accurate
是生死攸关的事情
meant the difference between life and death.
有一种说法是:
There was a real element of:
"我们要四处乱闯孤注一掷
"We're gonna fuddle along and roll the dice
希望我们基本上能到达目的地"
"And hope we end up more or less where we're going."
那是很危险的
And that's dangerous.
现在有一个人要改变航海现状
Now, one man will transform navigation:
他就是英国皇家天文学家约翰·弗兰斯蒂德
Astronomer to the English king, John Flamsteed,
他以天穹壁画
He'll unlock the keys to global trade and exploration...
开启了世界贸易和探索的关键
...by building his mural arc.
弗兰斯蒂德的天穹壁画就像哈勃望远镜
Flamsteed's arc changed our understanding of the night sky
给我们揭示宇宙奥秘那样
in a way that the Hubble telescope
改变了我们对于夜空的理解
has revealed so much more of the universe to us.
科学取代了迷信
Superstition is giving way to science.
宇宙万物并非随机杂乱
The universe is not a place of arbitrariness,
而是有其自身规律的
there are laws,
宇宙本身就是一种机制
and the universe itself is a kind of mechanism.
人类进入了新纪♥元♥
Mankind enters a new era...
发现了单细胞生物
...discovering single-celled organisms
以及心跳的秘密
And the secrets of the beating heart.
我们第一次认识到了地心引力
For the first time we understand gravity,
证明了地球是绕着太阳转的
And prove the earth orbits around the sun.
在冲突文字农业之后
After fire, the written word, agriculture,
科学方法大概是
the scientific method is probably
人类给未来最好的礼物
mankind's greatest gift to the future.
14个月来弗兰斯蒂德一直在创作天穹壁画
For 14 months, Flamsteed has been building his mural arc,
望远镜由精确的传动装置所推动
A telescope moved by a precision gearing system
测量夜空中星星的角度
That measures the angle of the stars in the night sky.
国王资助了这个项目
The king invests in the project,
但钱很快花光了
But the money runs out.
弗兰斯蒂德拿出毕生积蓄
Flamsteed spends his life savings
来实现他的梦想
to bring his dream alive,
耗资相当于如今的25万美元
A quarter of a million dollars in today's money.
天狼星
Sirius.
天狼星出现了
Sirius crossing.
现在
Now!
弗兰斯蒂德给每一颗星星标上特殊标记
Flamsteed gives each star a unique marker.
以两万八千种测量法记录了它们的准确位置
28,000 measurements recording their exact position,
编录了近三千颗星星已知星体数增加了三倍
Tripling the number of known stars to nearly 3000.
这是继指南针之后航海史上最伟大的突破
The greatest breakthrough in navigation since the compass.
星图比之前精确了15倍
Star charts 15 times more accurate than before,
节省了金钱挽救了生命
Saving money and lives.
弗兰斯蒂德是个英雄
Flamsteed's a hero,
他创造了这些精确的
he changed the world irrevocably
测量技术改变了世界
by creating these accurate measurements.
就像是这些水手
It's like these sailors went
粗糙的手绘地图