了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

Our best estimate for the mass of the Black Hole in Henize 2-10
太阳质量的一百万到二百万倍
is a million or two solar masses.
这大体和我们银河系的
Now, this is comparable to the mass of the Black Hole
黑洞质量相当
in our own Milky Way galaxy.
不过银河系宽度十万光年
But the Milky Way is 100,000 light-years across,
而海因兹2-10宽度只有几千光年
whereas Henize 2-10 is only a few thousand light-years across.
在小星系找到如此巨大的黑洞
It's amazing to find a Black Hole
实在是令人惊讶
that is so massive in a small Dwarf galaxy.
在这之前
Before this discovery,
科学家们认为这样小的星系
scientists didn't think such a tiny galaxy
不会含有这样大的黑洞
could contain such a colossus.
完全出人意料
This is completely unexpected.
通常 超大质量黑洞
Usually, supermassive Black Holes are found
存在于体量更大 质量更高的星系
in much larger, much more massive galaxies.
艾米的发现是突破性的
Amy's discovery is groundbreaking.
在海因兹2-10
In Henize 2-10,
黑洞比星系更成熟
the Black Hole is more developed than the galaxy.
证明黑洞历史更久
It's evidence suggesting the Black Hole is older,
黑洞先出现
that it came first.
其它星系也会是这样吗？
Could this be the same for other galaxies?
多少小星系有大黑洞？
How many Dwarf galaxies host massive Black Holes?
海因兹2-10是个别案例
Is Henize 2-10 a unique case,
还是具有普遍性？
or are there lots of other examples?
我们使用斯隆数字巡天搜索
We've searched through the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
发现超过一百个小星系
and found over 100 more Dwarf galaxies
有超大质量黑洞
that have supermassive Black Holes.
海因兹2-10可能是所有早期星系
Henize 2-10 could be a blueprint
形成过程的蓝本
for how all galaxies first formed
包括我们银河系
including our own galaxy, the Milky Way.
真是令人着迷 因为它证明
It's fascinating, because it could be the evidence that
巨大黑洞首先形成
the big Black Holes form first,
然后 星系围绕黑洞形成
and then, the galaxies form around them.
我们在星空中所见一切
Everything we see in our sky,
恒星 我们的太阳
the stars, our sun,
行星 我们整个银河系
the planets, our whole galaxy
可能都起源于超大质量黑洞
might all have started as a supermassive Black Hole.
但这个黑家伙又是经历怎样的过程
But how do you go from this
才发展到我们今天所见 银河系的璀璨壮丽呢
to something as glorious as the Milky Way we see today?
恒星来自哪里？
Where do the stars come from?
一百三十亿年前
13 billion years ago,
银河系也许起源于
the Milky Way may have started life
一个超大质量黑洞
as a supermassive Black Hole,
被气体和尘埃的漩涡包裹的
a huge sphere of black
一个巨大的黑暗的球体
surrounded by a maelstrom of gas and dust.
这是银河系
This is our galaxy.
但这又是如何形成
But how do you go from this
我们今日所见的星光闪耀呢
to the shimmering sweep of stars we see today?
人们总是把黑洞
People think of Black Holes
当作巨大的宇宙真空吸尘器
as being gigantic cosmic vacuum cleaners
吸入所有物体
that suck everything down.
事实上这并不正确
That's not really true.
如果你离黑洞太近
If you get too close to one,
你会掉进去 你会再也出不来了
Yeah, you can fall in, and you'll never get back out.
但它们也可能是创造的力量
But they can be a force for creation, as well.
黑洞怎么可能有创造力呢？
How can a Black Hole be creative?
有一条线索 黑洞不是黑色的
One clue, Black Holes aren't just black.
根本不是
Far from it.
你谈论黑洞
You can think of Black Holes
做为宇宙最大的悖论之一
as one of the biggest paradoxes in the universe.
它们是黑色的 所以它们不发光
They're black, so they don't emit any light.
但它们可能导致
But they can cause
整个宇宙最明亮的一些物体
some of the brightest things in the entire universe.
类星体证明这些巨大的黑洞
Quasars prove that these massive Black Holes
抛出比整个星系更多的光明
throw out more light than whole galaxies.
黑洞并不只是吞食物质
Black Holes don't just swallow matter.
它们也吐出物质
They also spit it out.
超大质量黑洞是个邋遢的食客
A supermassive Black Hole is a messy eater.
它不断的吞食物质
It's trying to suck matter in,
但它会终结超热的物质 并把它排出
but it ends up superheating matter and expelling matter,
有时黑洞在就餐时甚至打嗝
and sometimes, it will even belch during its meal
来个大爆发
and have an outburst.
在早期宇宙
In the early universe,
超大质量黑洞 银河系的起源
the supermassive Black Hole, the beginnings of the Milky Way,
被气体和尘埃环绕
is surrounded by gas and dust.
黑洞大饱口福
The Black Holes feast on the matter.
但一切尚未定论
But not all of it is doomed.
当黑洞吃得太多太快
When it eats too much too quickly,
会产生太多能量
it generates so much energy
甚至黑洞的引力也容不下它
that even the Black Hole's gravity can't contain it.
突然间 银河系从核心
Suddenly, the Milky Way fires off
发射出高能量的原子和光
highly energized atoms and light from the core,
泵出的能量比我们太阳大一万亿倍
pumping out up to a trillion times more energy than our sun.
如果你和超大质量黑洞 有个近距离接触
If you were to have a close encounter with a supermassive Black Hole,
你一定会经受一个危险的环境
you're gonna have to go through a very dangerous environment.
你会经历强辐射
You'd have to survive the intense radiation.
你会经历大喷发
You'd have to survive the jet.
恒星是怎样 在这种暴虐的环境中形成的呢
So how do stars form around such violence?
天文学家发现黑洞也许掌握关键
Astronomers find a Black Hole which might hold the key
银河系如何获得它的首批恒星
to how the Milky Way got its first stars.
有关于超大质量黑洞的
There's a really exciting discovery
令人激动的发现
of a supermassive Black Hole,
我们通常只能在星系的中心找到
the kind we normally only find at the hearts of galaxies,
那里只有它自己 没有别的
sitting out there by itself with no galaxy around it.
这东西正疯狂地闪烁 我们知道这东西在吞噬气体
This thing's shining like crazy, so we know it's gobbling up gas.
He0450-2958
He0450-2958
距离地球五十亿光年
sits 5 billion light-years from earth,
有巨大喷射流的黑洞
a Black Hole with a huge jet.
喷射流猛烈撞击尘埃和气体
This jet is smashing into dust and gas
以及邻近的星系
and its neighboring galaxy.
你会认为它会毁了星系
You'd think it would destroy the galaxy,
但相反 它有助于建设星系
but instead, it's helping to build it.
这是下一个大星系
It's next to a big galaxy,
这大星系正在疯狂地形成恒星
and this big galaxy is forming stars like crazy.
正在发生的事情都是因为它
So we think what's going on is, because of the stuff
成长中的黑洞出现了
coming off of the Black Hole as it's growing,
这触发了这个黑洞附近的
there are stars being triggered to form
恒星形成于这个星系
in this galaxy next to it.
黑洞巨大的喷射流
The Black Hole's colossal jet
是创建恒星工厂所需的火花
is the spark needed to create a star factory.
黑洞正在发出辐射
The Black Hole is emitting radiation.
当这辐射冲进星系的气体
And when this radiation runs into all the gas in the galaxy,
使气体聚集
this causes the gas to clump together,
新的恒星诞生了
and new stars get made.
黑洞创造恒星的直接证据
Direct evidence that Black Holes can create stars.
He0450-2958也许就是 我们银河系的过去
He0450-2958 might be a look back into the Milky Way's past.
银河系超大质量黑洞的
Our galaxy's supermassive Black Hole's
狂暴盛宴触发了恒星的诞生
violent feasting sparks stars into life.
这些恒星被
These stars are drawn
黑洞的巨大引力牵引 并围绕它运行
by the Black Hole's huge gravity and orbit,
同时创建了银河系
building the galaxy.
黑洞
Well, the Black Hole
实际上激发了恒星形成
could actually stimulate star formation.
有人认为我们有星系
So some people believe that the very fact that we have galaxies
是由于
is due to the fact
我们在星系中心有非凡的黑洞
that we have a raging Black Hole at the center
黑洞有助于发起恒星的形成
which helps to initiate star formation.
可能就是黑洞
It's possible that the Black Hole
创造了我们今日所见的众多恒星
could have created many of the stars we see in our sky today,
包括一颗我们离不开的恒星
including the one star we can't live without,
太阳
our sun.
多么令人惊讶