了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

Heating them to a boil
但这一次 光子被原子吸收
But this time, the photons are absorbed by the atoms
炽热的原子带着吸收的光子
The hot atoms ride the boiling current to the top
跟随沸腾的热流到达顶部
Dragging the photons with them
所以 它几乎可以称作原子的传送带
So, it's almost like this conveyor belt of material
光子实际上是搭了原子的顺风车
Photons are actually hitchhiking a ride on the atoms
通过这在热传递向上行进
That are traveling upward through this heat transfer
由此 对光子来说在对流区行进
So, it's a much easier ride in the convection layer
比在辐射区相对容易一些
Than it is in the radiation zone
这就像我们的光子在单一玩家的手中
It's as if our photon were now in the hands
进行快攻一样
Of a single player making a fast break
在对流区中 它走的是直线路径
In the convection layer, it's a direct path
一名球员就能掌控这个篮球或者光子
One player can actually hold on to this basketball or photon
如果不通过这种传递
For a lot longer in a direct path
光子在对流区中
By not passing
通过直线路径 将要花费更长的时间
The atom takes the ball quickly up the court
光子在对流区的旅程
The photon's journey through the convection zone
只需要一周时间
Takes just one week
但是在这时间段 光子被转化
But in that time, the photon is transformed
在对流区的底部
The bottom of the convection zone
温度约36万华氏度（20万摄氏度）
Is around 360,000 degrees fahrenheit
而在顶部只有1万华氏度
The top -- Just 10,000
所以 随着光子（撘车原子）的上升 它将冷却并失去能量
So, as the photon rises up, it cools, losing energy
由高能X射线转变为可见光
Changing from an energetic x-Ray to visible light
于是 光子开始作为高能X射线
So, it starts as a high-Energy x-Ray
在对流区的底部向上升
At the bottom of the convection zone, moves its way up
它失去了一点能量
It loses a little bit of that energy
当它离开对流区底部
By the time it leaves there
他已和我们所看见的可见光很接近
It's closer to the kind of light that we see which is visible light
在对流区的顶部
At the top of the convection zone
原子释放出光子
The atom releases the photon
作为可见光射出
Which shoots out as visible light
这使得原子冷却
This cools the atoms
落回底部并继续吸收更多的光子
Which fall back down to absorb more photons
再次加热并上升
Heat up, and rise again
现在光子的位置略低于太阳表面
The photon is now just below the sun's surface
但翻腾的对流区释放出另一种力量
But the churning convection zone unleashes another force
一种巨大的风暴
A force that powers huge storms
引爆♥炸♥弹 并威胁阻止光的逃逸
Detonates bombs, and threatens to stop light's escape
在太阳的核心
In the sun's core
核聚变已经创造了光子 光的最小单位
Nuclear fusion has created a photon, a packet of light
它通过了辐射区的艰难旅程
It has battled through the radiation zone
来到了对流区
Been dragged up through the convection zone
并被等离子体热流带出了对流区
On columns of hot plasma, hurdling towards its escape
在这百万年的旅程中
On this million-Year journey
光子从一个不可见的致命伽马射线
The photon has changed from an invisible deadly gamma ray
变成了对地球生命友好的可见光
To the kind of life-Giving light we see here on earth
最后 它已达到表面
Finally, it has reached the surface
太阳的可见外壳 光球
The visible shell of the sun, the photosphere
光球
The photosphere
基本上是太阳的可见部分
Which is basically the visible part of the sun
或者就是我们可以看见的太阳的部分
Or the surface, is what we see when we look up at the sun
我们看到可见光来自那层
We're seeing visible light coming from that very layer
光球
The photosphere
我们感觉到的有着眩目光芒的球体
The ball of blinding light we perceive
隐藏着一个壮观和狂暴的世界
Hides a spectacular and savage world
从地球看太阳 看起来很安详宁静
The sun from a distance looks quiet and serene
但如果你近距离给太阳表面一个特写镜头
But if you take a close-Up of the surface of the sun
你可以看见它在翻滚沸腾
You see that it's churning with activity
在同一时刻 它既美丽也很恐怖
It's beautiful and terrifying at the same time
物质沸腾掀起的巨大风暴
Huge storms of material bubbling and boiling
看起来像是巨大的海浪
It looks like a witch's brew
这巨大的海浪外
Except the bubbles in the witch's brew
比地球上的海浪规模大很多
Are larger than the size of the earth
对于光子来说 太阳的表面是一个动荡的屏障
The surface of the sun is a turbulent barrier
我们的光子将再一次被困住
And once again, our photon gets taken hostage
在亚利桑那州的基特峰天文台
At kitt peak observatory in arizona
基特峰天文台位于美国亚利桑那州图森市西南90公里的基特峰峰顶
主要研究设备有4米口径的梅耶尔望远镜 3.5米口径的WIYN望远镜以及小口径的反射望远镜
天文学家马特潘在研究太阳表面
Solar astronomer matt penn studies this solar surface
以发现光子如何被困住的
To discover how photons of light get trapped
今天有一大堆的卷云
There's a bunch of cirrus today
但希望 我们会收集到一些数据
But hopefully, we'll get some data
使用皮尔斯望远镜
Using the mcmath-Pierce telescope
皮尔斯望远镜口径为2米 光路长780英尺（约240米）
焦比为f/54 镜筒冷却水有1.9万加仑（约7.2万升）
是目前世界上最大的太阳望远镜
皮尔斯望远镜可以聚集太阳表面的光
He focuses the sun's light to scan the photosphere in detail
所以 我们发现在太阳的表面
So, what we've got are a few small sun spots
有一些小的黑子
On a disc of the sun
我们收集到了2个稍大的太阳黑斑
We've got two sun spots, two large ones
它们正在向着太阳的
They're heading off to the edge of the sun
边缘运动
To the limb of the sun
但他们都伴随着一个较小的太阳黑子
But they're all accompanied by a smaller sun spots
跟随者他们的一组较小的黑子
Groups of smaller ones, following them
太阳黑子标记出光子被困的区域
Sun spots mark areas where light is trapped
所以 太阳明亮的部分
So, a sun spot forms a dark spot
从黑暗的那部分吸收了能量
By removing energy from that part of the sun
它阻挡热的传递运动
It's blocking the convective flows that transport the heat
并组织光从太阳内部逃逸
And the light from inside the sun to space
所以 我们看到的较冷的区域
So, what we see then is a cooler region
向我们以黑色显示
That appears dark to us
一股强大的力量在阻止光子和能量
A powerful force stops our photon dead in its tracks,
离开太阳的表面
Preventing its light and energy from leaving the sun's surface
这股力量是磁力
That force is magnetism
太阳黑子形成的磁场
Sun spots take shape where intense magnetism
从太阳内部的猛烈反应形成表面的爆♥炸♥
From deep inside the sun blasts up through the photosphere
磁场是如此强 以至于
The magnetic fields are so strong that it actually
能阻止太阳的热对流
Stops the convective motion of hot inner material
达到表面
From flowing to the surface
所以 实际上黑子看起来是很酷的
So, you actually get what looks like a cool spot
在太阳的表面
On the surface of the sun
他们可以非常巨大
They can be huge
最大的（黑子）超过10倍地球大小
The largest over 10 times the size of earth
它们产生磁场
The magnetism that generates these sun spots
以窗格线的形式覆盖整个太阳
Forms field lines covering the sun
我们的地球 包括地球的磁场
On our solid earth, the whole planet
在一起进行旋转
Rotates together, including its magnetic field
但太阳是一个气体星球
But the sun is a big ball of gas
相同的规则不再适用
And the same rules don't apply
你看 太阳没有什么固态物质
You see, there's nothing solid about the sun
它是一个巨大的气体星球
It's a big ball of gas
检查他的旋转轴
It turns on its axis
赤道比两极旋转得更快
But the equator rotates faster than the poles
太阳扭曲了自己
The sun twists itself up
磁场也随之扭曲
And the magnetic field twists with it
它在赤道上比在极点处更快地旋转
It rotates faster at the equator than at the poles
每次旋转都会
Twisting and tangling its magnetic field
扭转和纠缠其磁场
With each rotation
结果 - 磁性混乱
The result -- Magnetic mayhem
因此 当这些磁场在太阳的表面出现时
So, when these fields emerge from the surface of the sun
它们有着强大的能量
They have all this stored energy in them
就像是扭曲纠缠在
They're, like, all twisted and knotted
一起的橡皮筋一样
Like rubber bands you just twist and knot
包含着巨大的能量
With all this energy in it
如果你将一根橡皮筋扭曲缠绕
If you ever twist and twist and twist a rubber band
并拉直
And pull it straight
你可以感觉到它的紧绷感
You can tell, you can feel that tension in it
在磁场扭曲的地方
Where the magnetic lines twist
包含我们光子的等离子体流
Flows of plasma containing our photon
无法到达表面
Can't reach the surface
所以 在光子达到较冷的表面前
So, what happens is you have these packets of gas
发生了什么
Which reach the surface, cool off