了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

It's actually very complex
旅程开始于太阳炽热的核心内部
The journey starts In the immense heat of the sun's core
太阳巨大的引力将原子挤压在一起
Crushed together by the sun's enormous gravity
彼此发生碰撞和聚合
Atoms smash into each other and fuse
释放出能量和光子
releasing a tiny packet of energy, photon of light
光子远小于几乎没有质量的原子
far smaller than an atom with no mass
光子的行进速度比任何其他东西都快
Photons travel faster than anything else
他们从不停止移♥动♥
And they never stop moving
光子不仅来自恒星的核心
Photons don't just come from the core of stars
那么 光从哪里来？
So, where does light come from?
简短的答案是 物质创造光
The short answer is, matter makes it
其创造的光的多少
And the amount of light that it creates
取决于温度
Depends on its temperature
宇宙中的每一块物质
Every piece of matter in the universe
在绝对零度以上
Above absolute zero degrees
都能产生光 包括人类
Produces light, including humans
我们人类总是发光
We humans are emitting light all the time
因为我们是有温度的生命 而不是处于绝对零度
Because we're alive, we're warm, we're not at a zero temperature
所以 其实我们正在发射红外辐射
So, in fact we are emitting infrared radiation
通常被称为热辐射
Often called heat radiation
但所有的物质都发光
But all matter emits light
甚至有人和我一样酷 我正在创造光
Even someone as cool as me, i'm creating light right now
我们看到的光
The light we see
可以分解成彩虹的颜色
Can be split into the colors of the rainbow
不同颜色的光 是光子带有不同能量导致的结果
Each color is photons of light With slightly different amounts of energy
我们可以看到的
And what we can see
只有一小部分光的光谱
Is only a fraction of the light spectrum
我们的眼睛实际上是不完美的检测器
Our eyes are actually imperfect detectors
我们知道可见光
We know about visible light
我们的眼睛对其很敏感
The type of light that our eyes are sensitive to
但这是光谱的一小部分
But that's only a small range of energies
我们可以看到光在较高和较低能量区域的部分
Light comes at higher and lower energies than we can detect
利用特殊的照相机
Using special cameras
我们可以看到人类发出的红外光
We can see the infrared light that humans emit
这个红外灯
This infrared light
比可见光有着更少的能量
Has less energy than the visible light we see
某些光有太大的能量
Some light is too energetic to see
如紫外线 X射线和伽马射线
Like ultraviolets, x-Rays, and gamma rays
巨大炽热的太阳产生各种形式的光
The vast, hot sun generates all forms of light
但在太阳核心的核熔炉中
But in the nuclear furnace of the sun's core
每个光子开始都是伽马射线
Every photon starts out as a gamma ray
它宇宙中最有能量的光
The most energetic form of light in the universe
当核反应发生时
And when a nuclear reaction happens
释放出惊人的能量
It emits an amazing amount of energy,
这种能量很大 比可见光大的多
The energy much, much bigger than visible light
我们称它们为伽马射线
Gamma rays, we call them
比我们看到的可见光的能量
Literally almost a million times
大100万被或者最少1万倍
Or at least 10,000 times the energy of the light we see
伽马射线可以引起（基因）突变甚至杀死生命
Gamma rays can transform and even kill
这就是为什么
There's a reason why gamma rays
绿巨人 漫威漫画出版物中的反英雄虚构人物
伽玛射线可以将布鲁斯·班纳变成绿巨人
Turned bruce banner into the hulk
伽玛射线是一种非常危险的光线
Gamma rays are a very dangerous form of light
他们可以进入你的身体
They can travel into your body
当他们和物质相互作用时
And when they interact with the matter,
它们可以分♥裂♥原子
They can break apart atoms
幸运的是我们
Fortunately for us
不会受到来自太阳的伽马射线的直接照射
Our gamma-Ray photon can't head straight out of the sun
如果太阳不是热核气体星球
If the sun were not this hot ball of gas
那么在被创造之后
Then upon being created
光子将立即从太阳中逃脱
A photon would immediately escape from the sun
并且它将是一个伽马射线光子
And it would be a gamma-Ray photon
对地球生命有害的大能量光子
A very energetic photon, not very good for life on earth
作为伽马射线诞生的光子
After its birth as a gamma ray
将从太阳的中心开始以光速旅行
Our photon starts to race out from the sun's core At the speed of light
但它遇到了史诗级别的障碍
But it encounters an obstacle course of epic proportions
只需几秒钟的旅程
A journey that should take seconds
却慢如蜗牛爬行
Slows to a cosmic crawl
一个光子从被创造出来
It takes on average about 100,0000 years
到到达太阳外表面
For a photon to make it from the middle of the sun
平均大约需要100万年的时间
Where it was created, to the outermost edge
从出生地到太空 需要100万年
Where it gets emitted into space -- 100,0000 years
如果它沿着直线旅行无阻碍
If it had traveled in a straight line unimpeded
只需2秒钟
It would have taken two seconds
是什么让光子
What could possibly slow a photon
不能以光速运动？
Moving at the speed of light?
致密而巨大的热量踩下了光子的刹车
Something slams on the brakes -- Huge, hot, dense
如此强大 它不止减慢光的速度
So powerful, it doesn't just slow light
还改变它
It transforms it
在太阳核心内部
In the sun's core
核聚变释放出一小部分能量
Nuclear fusion releases a tiny bundle of energy
光的光子
a photon of light
光子以每秒18万6千英里（30万公里）的速度向外逃逸
It races outwards at 186,000 miles per second
按照这个速度 它应该只需要两秒钟
At that speed, it should take two seconds
穿过太阳的内部到达表面
To travel through the sun's interior to the surface
但有东西让这2秒变得非常漫长
But something turns seconds into an eternity
太阳是如此的致密
The sun is so dense
以至于想要通过这些气体层
That to get through all of the different layers of gas
到达太阳的表面
This poor little piece of light takes hundreds of thousands
需要100万年的时间才行
If not a million years, to get to the surface
所以 当你看太阳时
So, when you're looking at the sun
你看到的光
You're looking at the light
只是100万年前的太阳光
Emitted from reactions a million years ago
我们新生的光子
Our newborn photon
以光速从核心离开
Leaves the core at the speed of light
然后马上进入密集的氢原子汤里面
Only to run smack into a dense soup
这是光子的噩梦
Of hydrogen atoms, a photon's nightmare
这段旅程有40万英里
That stretches for over 400,000 miles
假设你是出生在太阳中心的光子
If you're a photon born in the center of the sun
你将拥有一个了不起的旅程
You have a heck of a journey ahead of you
其实这很难
It's actually pretty hard
对于在太阳核心中生成的光来说
For light generated in the core of the sun to get out
因为在途中有太多的光子
Because there's a lot of sun in the way
并且它们如此密集
And it's extremely dense
太阳内部有辐射区
The radiation zone surrounds the core of the sun
该区域由氢组成
The zone is made of hydrogen gas
但不是我们认为的气体氢
But not a gas as we think of it
上部的重量压缩辐射区域
The sheer weight of all the material above
直到它比铅还要致密
Compresses the radiation zone until it's denser than lead
如此致密 几乎是不可能通过的
And nearly impossible to pass through
一个在太阳中心产生的光子
A photon produced in the center of the sun
知道它想去哪里
Knows where it wants to go
它想去凉爽的地方
It wants to go to the edge where it's cool
它想要出去
And it wants to get out
但要走40万英里
But it's got 400,000 miles
由致密的氢组成的道路
Of all these opaque gases blocking its way
这些气体不仅仅是密集的 - 它们还很炽热
These gases aren't just dense -- They're hot
温度甚至超过121.5万华氏度（约67万5千摄氏度）
Superheated to over 12 1/2 million degrees fahrenheit
在辐射区的气体
The gas in the radiation zone
被转化成被科学家们称之为等离子体的物质
Is transformed into what scientists call plasma
等离子体是物质的第四种状态
Plasma is the fourth state of matter
正常物质中的原子具有带轨道电子的核
Atoms in normal matter have a nucleus with orbiting electrons
在等离子体中 原子被撕裂开
In plasma, the atoms have been torn apart
电子被扯离原子核
And the electrons ripped away
在地球上 我们非常熟悉物质的三个主要状态
Here on earth, we're familiar with the three main states Of matter that we're taught in school
固态 液态和气态
Solids, liquids, and gases
你知道 我们的大气是气态 海洋是液态水
You know, we have the atmosphere as a gas, the oceans are water
我脚踏的陆地是固态
The ground that i stand on is solid
但事实上 宇宙的大部分包括星球都包含等离子体
But in fact, most of the universe,Including stars, consists of plasma
与宇宙的其他星球相比
Compared to the rest of the universe
地球是一个平静的地方
Earth is a calm place