了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

大多数时候
Most of the time
地球没有足够的热和能量产生等离子体
It's not hot or violent enough here to create plasma
见证地球上产生等离子体最好的方式
The best place to witness the power of plasma on earth
就是雷击
Is inside a lightning strike
闪电雷击的温度可以达到华氏53000度
Temperatures inside a bolt can reach 53,000 degrees fahrenheit
足以瞬间撕裂几个原子
Enough to momentarily rip a few atoms apart
等离子体持续一瞬间
The plasma lasts an instant
然后电子重新围绕原子核 等离子消失
Then the electrons rebind and it's gone
但在大规模的太阳内
But in our massive sun
等离子体持续几百万年
The plasma lasts for billions of years
并占据了深达20万英里的辐射区
And makes up The entire 200,000-Mile-Deep radiation zone
对光子更糟糕的是
Worse for our photon,
等离子体是带电的 这就是个陷阱
The plasma is electrically charged, forming a cosmic trap
并且等离子体是不透明的
And a plasma is opaque to radiation
因为光与带电粒子能进行比与中性粒子
Because light interacts much more strongly With electronically charged objects
更加强烈的相互作用
Than with neutral objects
所以 当你有一个中性粒子
So, when you have a neutral atom
光一般可以通过
Light in general can pass by
但是当你有一个
But when you separated the charges
带电的非中性粒子
And you have positive and negative charges
并且这种粒子无处不在 那么光不能通过
Located everywhere, the light can't make it through
我们的光子 以伽马射线的形式
Our photon, in the form of a gamma ray
已经进入辐射区
Has entered the radiation zone
在一瞬间就被
And smashed into a charged plasma particle
转换成带电的等离子体粒子
For a fraction of a second
粒子吸收光子 并不释放它
The particle absorbs the photon, then spits it back out
光子与另一个粒子碰撞
And the photon collides with another particle
每撞上一个粒子
Every time it goes a little bit of a distance
他随机的移♥动♥很小的一段距离
It basically slams into an atom Is absorbed and readmitted in some random direction
所以 它不只是飞不出去
So, instead of just flying out
它随机蹦来蹦去无数无数无数次
It's bouncing around countless, countless, countless times
直到最后 它到达太阳的边缘
Until finally, it reaches the edge of the star
这有点像一个粒子
It's an atomic game of basketball
在辐射区的篮球游戏
With a court representing the radiation zone
球员站在粒子和等离子体中
The players stand in for the particles and the plasma
篮球是光子
And the ball is the photon
所以 这个篮球
So, the basketball
被一个球员随机的抛向另一个球员
Is being thrown from one player to another seemingly randomly
他没有取得很大的进展
It's not making a lot of progress down the court
但是还是有一点进展的
But it is gradually making progress
随着时间的推移
Gradually over time, it is going
他将从炽热的核心内部
From the hotter parts of the core outward
到达更凉爽的外部
Toward cooler temperatures
这是它想要得到达的地方
That's where it wants to get
这是一个随机过程
It's a random-Looking process
但它有一个特定的方向与时间
But it's directed in a certain direction with time
光子想要到达外部
The photon wants to go straight up the court
最快的路线
Its quickest route
但是被弹回并投射在辐射区周围
But is bounced and thrown around the radiation zone
缓慢地爬行
Slowing to a crawl
光子在这个艰难的过程被转化
This bruising process transforms the photon
当光子 一个光的最小单位
When a photon, a little packet of light
被创造在星球内部
Is created in the center of the star
它实际上是有着超高能量的伽马射线
It's actually a gamma ray, super high energy bit of light
它不能走得很远
And it can't go very far because as soon as it does
因为他会撞上一个原子并被吸收
Boom, it hits another atom and gets absorbed
每次撞击
Every time it does this
它就失去了一点点能量
It loses a little bit of that energy
在几十万年 甚至100万年中
Over several hundred thousand years
光子保持弹跳
Sometimes even a million, the photon keeps bouncing
通过密集辐射区
Through the dense radiation zone
每次碰撞都会消耗一点点能量
Each collision saps a tiny bit of energy
将其从致命的伽马射线光子
Transforming it from a lethal gamma-Ray photon
转换为低能量的X射线
To a lower energy x-Ray
在它在核心被创造的近100万年后
Nearly a million years after its creation in the core
光子通过辐射区
The photon has made it through the radiation zone
但是它的逃脱旅程还没有结束
But its quest to escape is not over yet
它将要搭上一个狂野的车
It's about to hitch a wild ride
一个在太阳内部的狂暴过山车
On the sun's ferocious internal roller coaster
一个如此狂暴的地方 使得太阳咆哮
a place so violent, it makes the sun roar
光子 自然的能量传递系统
A photon, nature's energy-Delivery system
在它到达地球的旅程中
Has spent up to a million years
在迷宫般的太阳内部
In the maze of the sun's interior
已经花了一百万年的时间
On its journey toward the earth
光子已经穿过了太阳半径的3/4
The photon has fought its way through 3/4 of the sun's radius
遭受打击和剥夺能量
Battered and sapped of energy
它从致命的伽玛射线变为x射线
It is morphed from a deadly gamma ray to an x-Ray
但现在它进入太阳神秘沸腾的区域
But now it enters the mysterious boiling layer of the sun
对流区
The convection zone
对流区位于辐射区和太阳表面之间
The convection zone lies between the radiation zone
有125,000英里（约20万公里）深
And the sun's surface and is 125,000 miles deep
我们不能直接看到对流区
We can't see the convection zone directly
太阳的这个区域对我们的望远镜仍然是不透明的
This region of the sun is still opaque to our telescopes
但我们可以听到它
But we can hear it
NASA的太阳动力学天文台可以“听”太阳
Nasa's solar dynamics observatory listens to the sun
它捕捉到的声音人类听不到
The sound it picks up is too deep for humans to hear
但是如果你将40天的声音压缩到几秒钟
But if you speed up 40 days' recording
你将可以听见
Into a few seconds, this is what you get
这是混乱的声音
It's the sound of chaos
因为我们不能看见太阳的内部
Since we can't see into the sun
所以它的声音对科学家至关重要
Its sound is vital to scientists
当枪射击时 子弹撞击空气
When a gun fires, the bullet rushes out and smashes into air
产生声波
Creating waves of turbulence
当我们听到枪射击
When we hear the gun firing
这些波震动我们的耳膜
These waves vibrate our eardrums
我们在这里看到的是声音
What we see here is sound
太阳的工作方式相同规模要大得多
The sun works the same way on a much larger scale
当我们看到这些移♥动♥的波浪时
When we see these waves moving across
我们正在看的是物质从太阳内部
What we're looking at is when material moves up
向上移♥动♥而产生的噪声
From inside the sun and it makes noise
这意味着它在向表面移♥动♥
It just, like, ran into a surface
有点像撞进一堵墙而产生声音
It just ran into a wall, and it generates sound
我们看到声音在太阳周围移♥动♥
And we see that sound moving all around the sun
声波撞击等离子体
Sound waves crashing through the plasma
在太阳表面创造涟漪
Create ripples in the sun's surface
我们看到的是这些波纹
And all we see are these ripples
这些是太阳的实际声波
Those are the actual sound waves of the sun
它们围绕整个太阳移♥动♥
And they move around the entire sun
他们在太阳下向下移♥动♥
They move down inside the sun
它们向上移♥动♥到表面
They move back up to the surface
通过追踪声音
By tracking the sound
科学家可以看到看不见的事情
Scientists can see the invisible
他们提取来自太阳表面
They pick up sound waves
和太阳内部运动反应的声波
Smashing against the sun's surface and resonating throughout the solar interior
这表明太阳有一个狂暴沸腾的对流区
revealing a violent, boiling convection zone
太阳用这种方式“说话”
The sun can be said to be ringing
有炽热的气体在上升
You have this hot gas rising
有冷却的气体在下降
You have cool gas falling
有全部的湍流
You have all this turbulence
在如此多的影响下 将会导致太阳狂暴
You have so much action going on that it causes the sun to ring
上升和下降的对流
Columns of gases rise and fall
被下面的热量搅动
Churned by heat from below
如果你看沸腾的水
If you look at water boiling
因为热量 气泡不断上升Bubbles of gas or water are rising up because they're hot
然后他们冷却下来并沉积
And then they cool off, and then they sink back down
比如你看一壶沸腾的水
And if you look at a pot of boiling water
这在太阳内有同样的现象
That's the same phenomena that's going on the sun
只不过是等离子体而不是水
But with hot plasma instead of water
在对流区的底部
At the bottom of the convection zone
光子撞击等离子体中的原子
Photons smash into atoms in the plasma
加热至沸腾