了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

up to 11,000 degrees
至于里面有什么 任然无从得知
what lies inside remains a mystery
在这些气体和液体的深处
there could be a little rocky planet
可能是个小小的岩石核心
underneath all of that gas and all of that liquid
也可能是个极度压缩的冰球
it could be more of a ball of super compressed ice
那里应该会有固体
there probably is something solid down there
木星的力量来自于
it's the processes happening inside jupiter
来自它内部产生的作用
that give the planet its power
太阳系自形成开始便受到这股力量的影响
power to shape the solar system since its earliest days
除了太阳以外
apart from the sun
木星是太阳系中最有影响力的天体
jupiter is the biggest influence in the solar system
但是这个巨无霸正在缩小
but this monster is shrinking
木星是否正在失去力量？
is jupiter losing its power?
木星比地球大一千倍
a thousand times more massive than the earth
将太阳系其他行星两倍那么多全部装进木星
jupiter could swallow all the other planets
还有很多剩余空间
in the solar system twice and still have room for more
但是木星正在变小
but this giant is getting smaller
木星的引力仍在凝聚气体和液体
gravity is still bringing all of the gases and liquids together
这使得木星内部的温度很高
and that heats up the interior of jupiter
这股内部热量会上升到木星表面
this heat rises up to jupiter's surface
并扩散到天空中
and escapes into space
这颗行星不断变冷缩小
the planet cools and shrinks
与刚形成的时候相比
making the gas giant a third smaller today
木星已经缩小了三分之一
than when it first formed
当温度降低 木星缩小的速度也会变慢
as the planet cools
木星刚形成时 每年会缩小一英寸（2.54厘米）
the shrinking slows from an inch a year in its infancy
如今每年只会缩小几分之一英寸
to just a few fractions of an inch today
在一万亿年内 它有可能将继续缩小
and scientists calculate it could continue shrinking for 1,000 billion years
尽管如此 到时它任然会是太阳系中最强大的行星
even then, it will always be the solar system's biggest, most powerful planet
木星缩小的速度慢到看不见
jupiter is shrinking too slowly for us to see
但是我们能观测到上升热量产生的效应
but we can see the effect of this rising heat
正是因为这股上升的热量
this is actually one of the reasons jupiter
木星才能有如此壮观狂暴的天气和美丽的云层
has the spectacular weather all of those beautiful bands of clouds
地球的天气是由太阳驱动的
on earth, the sun's heat drives our weather
没有太阳 地球的天气就不复存在
switch off the sun, and our weather would stop
但是木星的天气会持续下去
but jupiter's weather would keep on going
它的天气不由太阳来驱动
its weather doesn't come from the sun
而是来自于它内部深处
it comes from deep inside the planet itself
热量从炽热的气体中涌出
heat rises up through the boiling soup of gas
形成了木星那壮观的旋涡状云层
churning its cocktail of volatile chemicals creating jupiter's spectacular swirling clouds
同时 这颗气体巨行星的自转速度高达
and the whole time,the giant planet spins
每小时2.9万英里（约4万6千公里）
at 29,000 miles an hour
木星自转速度比太阳系的其他行星都要快
jupiter rotates faster than any other planet in our solar system
木星自转一周大约要9个小时
jupiter rotates on its axis about once every nine hours
地球则是24个小时
compared to a 24-hour day for us
所以来自内部的巨大炽热云层
so, huge, super-heated clouds from the interior
会因为自转而形成漩涡
get smeared out by the rotation
所以木星才会有这么漂亮的顶端云层
and we have the beautiful cloud tops of jupiter
热量和自转相结合 诞生了怪兽
this marriage of heat and motion spawns a monster
木星的大红斑其实是巨大的龙♥卷♥风♥
jupiter's red spot is a gigantic cyclone
它比地球还要大
larger than the size of the earth
而且一直在稳定的旋转中
and has been rotating stably with winds in excess
风速超过每小时250英里（约400公里）
of 250 miles per hour for over three centuries
并且持续了300年 想起来就觉得恐怖
imagine a storm that lasts for 300 years
在地球上 龙♥卷♥风♥遇到陆地就会消失
on earth, cyclones die when they hit land
但是木星没有陆地阻止风暴停止
but jupiter has no land to stop its storms
几乎源源不绝的热量让风暴生生不息 快速旋转
almost unlimited heat to fuel them and a rapid rotation
木星是在给大红斑煽风点火
jupiter is basically stoking the fires of the great red spot
地球上的风暴会增强 然后消失
we're used to storms growing and then going away on earth
但是如果风暴的旋转方式正确
but if they're spinning the right way
再加上木星庞大的体积和高速自转
because jupiter is so big and spinning so quickly
这些风暴会彼此助长 永不消失
they feed into each other,and it keeps the storm alive
就算其他行星都冻结死寂了很久
long after the other planets freeze and die
木星还是会继续喷发热量
jupiter will still be pumping out heat
让这些超大风暴继续吹下去
driving its monster storms
因为它实在是太庞大了
thanks to its immense size
要揭开木星为何会如此大的关键在于
and the secret of its size
研究太阳系初期的情况
lies in the infancy of the solar system
45亿多年前
just over 4.5 billion years ago
太阳形成后 留下了充满尘埃和气体的圆盘
in the disk of dust and gas leftover
第一个行星便从中诞生
from the sun's formation,the first planet forms
木星很早就形成了 它开始吞没水 冰彗星 陨石
jupiter began to form early on and began to gobble up
并越变越大
water, frozen comets, meteors, and grow
想一下 在一窝幼兽中
when you imagine a litter of animals
通常会有一只会获胜
one of them usually wins
那就是从最开始
and the one that wins is the one
就吃东西的幼兽
that begins to eat the most irst
木星的情况也和此相似
the same thing happened with jupiter, in some sense
木星形成可谓天时地利人和
jupiter forms at the right time
木星正好位于太阳系的冰冻线内
and in the right place just inside the frost line,
距离太阳有3.2亿英里（约5.12亿公里）
the point 325 million miles rom the sun
水汽在这个地带会结冰
where water vapor turns to ice
岩石行星离太阳太近不会变大
close to the sun, rocky planets cannot grow very big
比地球大一点
a little bit bigger than the earth
就会崩溃解体
and the planet falls apart
但是在更远的地带
further out, however
冰就像胶水一样 可以黏住岩石
ice is a glue that can hold rock together
这样就能形成巨大的冰岩行星
and so you have massive rocky ice planets
大到足以捕获氢气 变成气体巨行星
big enough to capture hydrogen gas and become a gas giant
在靠近太阳的地带
close to the sun
气体太热 能量太高 所以没有附着力
gas is too hot and energetic to stick to anything
但在这里的气体很冷 流动缓慢
out here, gas is cold and sluggish
所以引力把气体拉向木星核心时
so, when gravity pulls gas towards jupiter's core
气体就会附着上去 木星就会变大
it sticks, and jupiter balloons
木星变得越大 引力就越强
and as it grew, its gravity grew
它就越能够吸收更多的物质
and therefore, its ability to gobble up more increased
所以木星是幸运的赢家
so it was the lucky winner
它形成的最早 又经常吸收物质
by starting early and eating often
木星吃掉轨道范围内的一切
the planet eats everything in its reach
直到它变成我们今日看到的巨大行星
until it becomes the giant we see today
但45亿年前 木星在错误的轨道
but 4.5 billion years ago,jupiter is in the wrong place
它朝着太阳运动并有被太阳毁灭的危险
it's spiraling towards the sun and a fiery death
巨大的行星有着巨大的引力
the biggest planet with the biggest influence
木星在我们太阳系是独一无二的
jupiter is unique in our solar system
但在银河系中它并不唯一
but not in our galaxy
1995年10月 科学家发现
october 1995, scientists discover
一棵比木星更大的太阳系外行星
the first planet beyond our solar system
距离我们51光年远的
51 light-years from earth
一颗巨大气体行星---飞马座51b
51 pegasi b is a giant gas planet
它各方面都很像木星 但有一点除外
similar to jupiter in every way except one
发现第一颗像太阳一样的系外行星
the first exoplanet found orbiting a star like the sun
是一个巨大的惊喜
was a huge surprise
它被称为热木星
it was called a hot jupiter
因为它和木星大小差不多
because it's something roughly the size of jupiter
但是它正在靠近它的恒星
but it was tremendously close in to its star
甚至比水星和太阳的距离更近
much closer, even, than mercury is to the sun
自从热木星被发现后
since that first discovery
天文学家在我们的太阳系外
astronomers have identified hundreds of gas giants
发现了数百颗气体巨行星
outside our solar system
其中许多行星在非常接近母星的轨道运行
many orbit extremely close to their parent star
378光年远的WASP-33b行星的运行轨道
the planet wasp-33 b, 378 light-years away
极为接近其母星
orbits so close to its star
由此它的表面温度高达5800度
that its surface is a scorching 5,800 degrees
这是目前我们观测到最热的行星
it's the hottest planet ever observed in the universe
那种行星是不可能在那么近的地方形成的
now, we know that planets like that can't form there
因为温度太高 气体无法凝聚
it's just too hot to be able to coalesce from all the gas
这些热木星一定是在更远的地方形成的
these hot jupiters must have formed farther out
要怎么才能让像木星一样的行星
how do you get a jupiter-like planet
那么靠近恒星？
that close to a star?
你要先制♥造♥一个大行星
somehow, you need to be able to build a big planet
再让它往内运动