解释一切（2018）

[playful piano music]
‪作为一个小孩
[narrator] As a little kid,
‪一天可以永远都不会结束
a single day can last forever.
‪作为一个十几岁的孩子 ‪你可能会觉得一个夏天
As a teenager, you can live what feels like a whole lifetime
‪就如同一生那样漫长
in a single summer.
‪二十多岁的日子继续下去
Your twenties stretch on and on and on.
‪突然之间 你不敢相信 ‪自己居然已经40岁了
And then suddenly, you can't believe you're somehow 40.
‪从那时起 速度越来越快
And the pace only picks up from there.
‪我们的时间也在小程度地扭曲
Our time warps on small scales too.
‪你或许会听到这样的说法
So, you might be aware of phrases like
‪“享乐时光总是稍纵即逝” ‪“无聊之时感觉度日如年”
"Time flies when you're having fun." "Time drags when you're bored."
‪研究表明 大♥麻♥可以放慢时间
[narrator] Studies show marijuana can slow down time,
‪但酒精和可♥卡♥因♥却能加速时间
and alcohol and cocaine can speed it up.
‪音乐也有这样的功能
Music can do that too.
‪等待音乐或许会让人感觉 ‪每一秒都是煎熬
That hold music might feel like it's making every second torture.
‪-谢谢等待 -‪但沉默…
[woman] Thank you for holding. -[narrator] But silence…
[no audio]
‪更糟糕
…is worse.
‪让我尤为感兴趣的是“为什么？”
Now, what I was particularly interested in was "Why?"
这是个好问题
[narrator] That's a great question.
‪表面看来 时间随指针 ‪稳定又永不休止的节奏滴答逝去
'Cause it seems like time passes at a steady, relentless tick,
‪但感觉又不像是那样
but it also doesn't feel that way.
‪感觉日子一天天呼啸而过
It feels like the day after day gallops and goes by so quickly.
‪从一个周末马上到下一个周末 ‪周而复始 永不停歇
It's weekend to weekend, and there's all this work happening all the time.
‪我一天天的时间
My days do go by,
‪貌似过得越来越快 ‪我也不知道为什么
seem to go by, quicker. And I'm not sure why.
‪所以 我们为何会对时间 ‪有那样的感受？
[narrator] So why do we experience time the way we do?
‪我们如何能夺回一些控制权？
And how can we take back some control?
Tick, tock, tick, tock, tick, tock, tick, tock.
‪要想研究时间 我们必须突破常规
[man 1] To study time, we must venture beyond the ordinary.
‪一旦这么做 ‪我们会看到一个全新的领域
And when we do, it opens up a whole new realm.
‪时间和空间
Time and space.
‪假设我们可以放慢时间
[man 2] Just suppose we could slow down time.
‪或加快时间
Or speed it up.
‪关于“时间是什么”这个问题
[man 3] To the question, "What is time?"
‪答案可能众说纷纭
there is no one answer.
‪剧名：时间
‪1962年
[Gordon-Levitt] In 1962,
‪一个年轻的地质学家 ‪前往法国阿尔卑斯山探险
a young geologist went on an expedition into the French Alps.
‪他随团队一同前往 ‪但当时只有23岁的米歇尔西弗
He went with a team, but Michel Siffre, just 23 years old,
‪会独自面对真正的旅途
would face the real journey alone.
‪米歇尔想通过在山洞中生活两个月
Michel wanted to see what it would be like
‪体验一下完全隔绝人烟
to live away from all people,
‪时钟、甚至日出日落
all clocks, and even the rising and setting of the sun,
‪会是什么感觉
by living in a cave for two months.
‪这是在缺乏
This was one of the first studies
‪外部时间信♥号♥♥的情况下
of the human sleep-wake cycle
‪针对人类睡醒周期 ‪进行的早期研究之一
in the absence of any external signals about the time of day.
‪他在随后的一次采访中描述
[Gordon-Levitt] As he described it in an interview later,
‪那是一段独♥立♥于时间之外的生活
it was an existence beyond time.
‪我独♥立♥于时间之外 ‪没有任何时间提示
I was beyond time, without any time cues.
‪没有电视、没有收音机 什么都没有
No television, no radio. Nothing.
‪也没有手表
No watch.
Uh…
‪我按照自己的想法生活
You live following your mind.
米歇尔每次睡醒、吃饭和睡觉
[Gordon-Levitt] Every time Michel woke up, ate, and went to sleep,
‪他都会联♥系♥驻扎在洞口的同事
he'd call up his colleagues stationed at the cave's entrance.
‪有时候 他只醒六个小时
Sometimes, he was awake for just six hours
‪然后就继续睡觉
and went back to sleep.
‪有时他又会连续清醒27个小时
Or he could stay up for 27 hours in a row.
‪但平均来说 他大概24个小时
But on average, he fell into a sleep-wake cycle
‪就会进行一个睡醒周期
of roughly 24 hours.
‪这是一个重大发现
It was a key insight.
‪虽然远离了任何关于时间的外部提示
Away from any external cues about the time of day,
‪他的身体却一直在记录时间
his body kept track of it.
‪人类最古老的钟
Our most ancient clocks
‪就在自己体内
are inside of us.
‪它们被称作“昼夜节律钟”
They're called circadian clocks.
‪“节律”就是大概的意思 ‪“昼”就是白天的意思
"Circa" meaning approximately, and "dian" meaning day,
‪因为它们按照24小时的标准显示时间
because they tell time on the scale of 24 hours.
‪有意思的是
Interestingly,
‪我们体内的大多数细胞 ‪都有昼夜节律钟
most cells in our body have a circadian clock.
它们生产特殊的蛋白质 ‪专门用来辨认时间
[Gordon-Levitt] They make special proteins specifically to tell time.
‪等到达一定的极限
And when they reach a certain limit…
‪这种蛋白质就会自动停止合成
[Buonomano] That protein can turn off the synthesis of itself.
然后这些蛋白质被销毁
[Gordon-Levitt] And then those proteins are destroyed,
细胞再次生成蛋白质生物钟
and the cell fires up again.
‪这种循环每24小时就发生一次
And that cycle happens every 24 hours.
‪我们的身体里有几十亿个 ‪这样的小圆圈
Our bodies contain billions of these tiny loops.
‪但人脑里有一个母钟
[Buonomano] But there is a master clock in the human brain,
它就位于一个叫
and that's located in the hypothalamus,
‪视交叉上核区域的下丘脑里
in an area called the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
在很多方面
That's in charge in many ways
‪它都负责让我们体内 ‪所有其他的生物钟实现同步化
of synchronizing all the other clocks in our bodies.
‪所有被研究过的哺乳动物
[Gordon-Levitt] Every mammal ever studied
‪体内都有一个24小时时钟
has a 24-hour internal clock.
‪每一种鸟类
Every bird,
‪每一种爬虫
and reptile,
‪鱼类
and fish,
‪和昆虫
and insect.
‪其实 有没有大脑都无所谓
In fact, you don't even need a brain.
‪植物有昼夜节律钟
Plants have a circadian clock,
即便是单细胞细菌也不例外
and even single-cell bacterium have a circadian clock.
‪据一种理论所说
[Gordon-Levitt] According to one theory,
‪几十亿年前 ‪生命的第一丝微光出现时
billions of years ago, when the first glimmer of life emerged,
‪白天分♥裂♥的细胞‪会被太阳紫外线晒毁
cells that divided during the day were damaged by the sun's UV rays.
‪但学会在夜间分♥裂♥的细胞
But the cells that learned to divide at night
‪存活了下来
survived.
‪也就是说 记录时间
In other words, keeping time
‪或许对地球上的生物进化而言
may have been fundamental
‪起到了至关重要的作用
to the evolution of life on Earth.
‪但昼夜节律钟非常简单
But circadian clocks are pretty basic.
‪它们只是让我们的身体功能 ‪按时有序运行
They just keep our bodily functions on a rhythm,
‪告诉我们何时该吃饭、睡觉和起床
telling us when to eat, sleep, wake up.
‪还有其他一些事
A few other things.
‪而且它每天都会重启
And it resets every day.
‪你日复一日、月复一月
Your ability to keep track of time passing,
‪年复一年
day to day, month to month,
‪记录时间流逝的能力
year to year,
‪完全是另外一♥码♥事
is something else entirely.
‪在9月14日那天 ‪米歇尔西弗的团队联♥系♥他
On September 14th, Michel Siffre's team called him up
‪宣布他两个月的洞穴生活结束
to announce that his two months in the cave were over.
‪西弗还以为他们在开玩笑
Siffre thought it was a joke.
‪根据他的记录 那天才到8月20日
By his count, it was only August 20th.
‪他的身体完好地记录了每一天的时间
His body had kept track of the days pretty well,
‪但大脑却整整漏掉了一个月
but his mind had lost an entire month.
‪我们把时间快进60年
Fast forward 60 years.
‪新年快乐 2020
Happy New Year, 2020.
‪全世界都经历了
[Gordon-Levitt] And the whole world experienced
‪一种隔离实验
a kind of isolation experiment.
‪英国刚开始封锁时 ‪我有一个六个月大的婴儿
When the UK first went into lockdown, I had a six-month-old baby,
‪还有另外两个孩子 ‪一个六岁大 一个八岁大
and I also have a six-year-old and an eight-year-old child.
‪我对时间的体验是
And my experience of time was
‪一天有24个小时 真是太荒谬了
that it was ridiculous that there were 24 hours in the day.
‪我简直度日如年
Time was dragging so slowly for me.
‪我心想：“这种现象会不会很常见？”
I wondered, "Is this a much more widespread phenomena?"
‪所以她对全英国的将近700人 ‪进行了一项调查
[Gordon-Levitt] So she did a survey of nearly 700 people across the UK.
‪大多数人都经历了显著的时间扭曲
[Ogden] The majority of people experienced a significant distortion to time.
‪也就是81%
[Gordon-Levitt] 81% of them.
‪有意思的是 关于是快是慢 ‪人数几乎是均衡的
And interestingly, it was almost evenly split.
‪大概一半的研究对象 ‪像露丝一样觉得度日如年
Around half, like Ruth, felt like time was dragging,
‪而另一半觉得时间过得更快了
and the other half felt like time had sped up.
‪一般来说 无聊、难过