解释一切（2018）

[high-pitched bark]
这是一只很开心的狗狗呢
[Gyllenhaal] That's a happy, happy dog.
或者比较低沉的叫声
Or low in pitch.
[low-pitched bark]
警觉性比较高的狗狗
[Gyllenhaal] A guarded dog.
接下来 叫声是不是持续的？
The next thing, are there a lot of them? [barks twice quickly]
意思是“我感觉有压力 或者很兴奋”
[Gyllenhaal] Meaning "I'm stressed or excited."
还是只是寥寥几声
Or are there few of them?
[barks quietly]
“有点意思”
[Gyllenhaal] "This is mildly interesting."
叫声的模式也很重要
The pattern of the barks is also important.
[barking]
那种叫声基本可以算是“呼唤伙伴们”的叫声
That bark is basically the "call the pack" bark.
意思是“快来这儿瞧瞧”
It means "Come over here and check this out."
但要记得 狗是狼的后裔
[Gyllenhaal] But remember, dogs descend from wolves,
如果它们发现了一头鹿 却通过叫声引来了同伴
and if they spotted a deer and alerted their pack by barking…
那它们可就没得吃了
They've lost their lunch.
所以 狗狗发明了美妙的肢体语言技巧
So dogs have, in fact, developed wonderful body language skills.
狗狗的尾巴可以充当感情晴雨表
The dog's tail serves as an emotional thermometer,
狗狗用它来表达自己的感受
which a dog uses to tell you how he's feeling.
是翘着 还是耷拉下来？
Is it high or is it low?
晃动的频率是怎么样的？ 快速还是慢速？
How is it wagging, okay? Fast or slow?
你还可以从耳朵上读懂很多信息
[Gyllenhaal] You can also read a lot of information in the ears.
暴♥力♥
[Coren] Aggressive.
服从
Submissive.
放松
Relaxed.
人类读懂这些信♥号♥♥的确不困难
[Gyllenhaal] Humans are okay at picking up these signals,
但我们和狗狗的关系良好
but our relationship works
是因为它们很懂得 领会我们散发的信♥号♥♥
because dogs are extremely good at reading us.
狗的嗅觉本领发挥了很大的作用
The dog's ability to smell plays a big part in that.
它们天生就懂得通过气味和鼻子 理解这个世界
They are really wired to take in the world through odor and through their noses.
当它们吸气后 空气不仅仅跑到肺里
[Gyllenhaal] When they inhale, the air doesn't just go to their lungs.
有一部分会分流到 一个专门用作气味侦测的小腔体内
Some of it splits off into a chamber specifically for odor detection.
这让它们可以边跑边闻
It allows them to run and smell at the same time,
这一点我们人类一点都不擅长
which we're not very good at.
根据品种的不同 一只狗的嗅觉比我们要强
[Gyllenhaal] Depending on the breed, a dog's sense of smell is around 10,000
一万到10万倍
to 100,000 times better than ours.
当它们散步的时候 总是在留意
And when they're on a walk, they're always on the lookout
其他狗狗的尿液留下的气味
for the scent of another dog's pee.
或者如奥托医生所形容的
Or, as Dr. Otto would call it…
“嘘嘘邮件” 当狗狗尿在柱子上时
"Pee-mail." So, when every dog pees on the post,
其他狗狗就会知道谁曾经来过这里 它们的心情如何
the dog gets all that information about who was here, what they felt like.
狗尿就像人类的脸书一样
[Gyllenhaal] Dog pee is like human Facebook.
它们可以读懂其他狗狗的年龄、性别
They can learn about another dog's age, sex,
心情、是否发♥情♥
mood, availability for mating.
还有它们以前是否见过面
And if they've ever met before.
我们所在的这个世界
This world that we experience has these extra layers
有一个狗狗可以体会 但我们却毫不所知的层面
that our dogs experience and we just don't know about.
但你走进一间屋子 或许会发现
[Gyllenhaal] When you walk through this room, you might notice:
这盆植物需要浇水了
"That house plant needs a little watering."
看样子我老公在沙发上待了一下午
"Looks like my husband spent the afternoon on the couch."
他现在在烘焙点心 是什么呢？巧克力曲奇吗？
"And now he's baking. What is that? Chocolate chip cookies?"
看样子这家伙今天过得很悠闲嘛
"Seems like he's having a pretty chill day."
但当一只狗狗走进了同样一片空间 它眼中的世界或许和我们有一点不同
But a dog walking through that same space might see things a little differently.
这棵植物生病了
"That plant has a disease."
沙发上有臭虫
"There are bed bugs in that sofa."
妈妈来例假了
"Mom has her period."
爸爸在用鸡蛋 香草精和面粉做好吃的
"Dad is making something with eggs, vanilla extract, and flour."
而且他稍微有一些焦虑
"Also, he's having a low-level anxiety attack."
（担心）
（我帮你）
狗狗可以察觉到我们的各种感受
Dogs can detect all kinds of things we're feeling.
这也部分解释了 它们为何如此适合当工作犬
Which may explain in part why they're such effective service animals.
在她的世界里 一切都很难以接受、很煎熬
Everything in her world was just so overwhelming and so frustrating.
不能讲话并准确表达
And not being able to speak, not being able to articulate
自己需要什么、想要什么 什么事情会刺♥激♥到自己
what she needed, what she wanted, what she was overstimulated by,
她时时刻刻都饱受煎熬
she lived in a constant state of frustration.
克拉克一家有五个孩子
[Gyllenhaal] The Clarkes have five children
其中有两位 麦德和她的弟弟克顿
and two of them, Meadow and her brother Colton,
都有自闭症
are on the autism spectrum.
麦德最大的问题是
[Maria] With Meadow, the hardest part with her was
她要常常对抗自我伤害的行为
she battled a lot with self-injurious behaviors.
譬如把脑袋撞来撞去 试图打破家里的窗户
Banging her head, trying to break windows in our home,
把椅子摔来摔去
slamming chairs.
任何你能…
Anything that you can…
几乎任何她能碰触到的东西
She could get her hands on, pretty much.
她也是一位很暴♥力♥的小孩
[Maria] She was a pretty violent little kiddo.
基本上 所有的医学专家 都希望我们可以把她送到特殊机构
Basically, all the medical professionals wanted to do was to put her away.
我们遇到一位医生跟我们讲
We had one doctor just tell us
对于我们来讲 放弃抚养权可能会让我们好过一些
it would be easier for us to just sign away our rights
把她交给看护中心 这样我们就解脱了
and put her into foster care, and move on with our lives.
来吧 开始了 来啊 可可
[Joe] All right, come on. Let's go. Come on, Coco.
来一次 快
Let's do one, come on.
然后克拉克一家得知了一种
[Gyllenhaal] The Clarkes learned about a new intervention
对其他自闭症儿童很有效果的新型干预手段
that had worked for other children with autism.
服务犬
A service dog.
它们被认为是介助犬
[Maria] They're considered mobility support dogs.
（巫娜）
当这个世界令克顿和麦德无法承受时
Colton and Meadow might just close their eyes
他们就会闭上眼睛
because the world around them is just too much.
奥利就会带领它穿过一些地方
Ollie will just navigate him through his environment.
它们所做的不仅于此
[Gyllenhaal] And they did more than that.
当孩子们感觉难以承受的时候 狗狗们会轻推他们
[Maria] When the kids are feeling overwhelmed, the dogs will nudge them…
I love you, Ollie.
示意他们坐下
[Maria] …cue the kids to sit down,
它们会舔他们的手 帮助他们冷静下来
and they'll lick their hands, and just help them calm down.
Mwah!
在麦德收养巫娜之后
The transformation that Meadow made
她的变化几乎是瞬间发生的
as soon as she got Una was instantaneous.
她很快就不再打自己
She stopped hitting herself right away.
巫娜就好像不仅感觉到了麦德的感受
[Gyllenhaal] It was as if Una didn't just sense how Meadow was feeling,
还理解得很透彻
but really understood it.
好乖 巫娜
[Maria] Good girl, Una.
孩子们感觉没那么孤单了
[Gyllenhaal] The kids felt less alone.
我感觉身为人母 应该无所不知才对
I feel like, as a mom, you're supposed to be the one that knows it all.
但我们的孩子这种状况 真的很难
And with our children, it's really hard.
何时做得太过了 何时不够 这种界限很难判断
You never know what's too much, what's not enough.
他们的狗狗却知道
Their dogs know
何时可以上前亲上一口 何时要退避三舍
just when to come in for a kiss and when to back away.
何时触摸得太频繁了 何时不够
They know just when a touch is too much and when it's not enough.
它们总是能把握得恰到好处
[Colton] Good job! -They seem to always get it right.
来 抓住你的把手
Come on. Grab your handle.
最新的研究提供了新的线索 解释为何狗狗
[Gyllenhaal] And a recent study offers a new clue as to why dogs
能在对待人类的感情上如此敏感
seem so emotionally attuned to us.
一个团队的研究员让一群志愿者
A team of researchers had volunteers watch clips
观看会激发他们感受的影片
designed to make them feel things.
譬如《闪灵》中最吓人的部分
Like the scariest part of The Shining…
强尼来了！
Here's Johnny! -[screaming]
还有《森林之王》里 欢乐且很有感染力的桥段
…and this infectiously joyful scene from The Jungle Book…
简单的最低生活用品
♪ The simple bare necessities ♪
并在此过程中收集他们的汗水
…while collecting their sweat.
之后汗水会被拿到戴有心脏检测器的狗狗面前
The sweat was then presented to dogs, who were hooked up to heart monitors.
这是人类害怕之后出的汗
This is a tube of fearful sweat,
这是很典型的反应
and this is a typical reaction.
狗狗的心跳加速 迅速跑到了房♥间的角落
The dog's heart rate speeds up, and it scampers away to a corner.
这只狗狗闻到了开心的汗水
And this dog is smelling happy sweat.
它开始摇晃尾巴 跳来跳去 想要玩耍
It starts wagging its tail and jumps, as if it wants to play.
狗狗们貌似会复♥制♥志愿者的感受
The pups seem to mirror the emotions the volunteers had felt.
当人们这么做的时候 就是设身处地考虑别人的感受时
When people do that, really feeling what someone else feels,
我们称之为“同理心”
we call that empathy.
脑袋对着镜头 不是屁♥股♥
You have to have your head to the camera, not your butt.
快点 坐下
Come on. Sit back down.
好了 就是这样 好乖
Good girl. There we are. Good girl.
好的 我们又回来了
Okay, we're back.
在心理学角度上 对于给与动物