解释一切（2018）

在1856年
[narrator] In 1856,
一位名为尤妮斯富特的科学家
a scientist named Eunice Foote
进行了一个实验
conducted an experiment.
她将一支试管中填满普通空气
She filled one tube with regular air
另一支则装满二氧化碳
and another with carbon dioxide,
里面都放置了温度计 然后放到阳光下面
put thermometers in them, and placed them in the sun.
她发现盛有二氧化碳的管子
And she noticed the tube of carbon dioxide
会热很多 并会保持热度更长时间
got a lot hotter and stayed hot longer.
她将结果发表出来
She published her results,
标注道：“大气层中的这种气体
noting that "An atmosphere of that gas
会让地球温度升高”
would give to our earth a high temperature."
三年后
Three years later,
爱德温德雷克在宾夕法尼亚州西部发现了石油
Edwin Drake struck oil in Western Pennsylvania.
在挖掘出第一口油井一百年后
A hundred years after that first well,
美国石油业庆祝了 这个行业的一百周年
the American oil industry celebrated its centennial.
他们邀请了一位名叫爱德华泰勒的 物理学家
And they invited the physicist Edward Teller,
这位原♥子♥弹♥的发明者之一
one of the inventors of the atomic bomb,
为能源的未来发表了一番演讲
to make a speech about the future of energy.
他跟听众讲： “我们或许需要去寻找其他燃料供应
"We probably have to look for additional fuel supplies," he told the crowd.
因为燃烧化石燃料 而产生的额外二氧化碳
"Because the extra carbon emitted from burning fossil fuels
会导致温室效应”
causes a greenhouse effect."
他觉得这种效应
Which he believed would be sufficient
足以将冰盖熔化 并把纽约淹没掉
to melt the ice cap and submerge New York.
到了1965年 科学家已经足够自信地
By 1965, scientists were confident enough
正式警告美国总统
to formally warn the US president,
林登贝恩斯约翰逊
Lyndon B. Johnson.
10年之后 埃克森公♥司♥的科学家们[Nnarrator] A decade later, Exxon's own scientists
做出了令人担忧的预测
were making grim predictions.
在1988年 就上了头版新闻
By 1988, it was front-page news.
从那时开始
And since then,
我们就一直以持续增长的速率
we've kept pumping carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
往大气层中排放二氧化碳
at an accelerating rate.
如今的世界经济
We have a world economy today
大部分的能量来源都靠着化石燃料
that depends on fossil fuels for most of its energy.
三分之一来自于石油
[narrator] A third of it from oil.
这件事相当讽刺 这种帮助我们
It's a tremendous irony that the very substances
成就当今发展的这种物质
that helped us achieve this level of development today
现在反而威胁到了人类文明的未来
are now the very substances that endanger the future of civilization as we know it.
[narrator] Governments are starting to agree
各国政♥府♥开始认可这件事：
我们不应该让世界变暖的程度 超过1.5摄氏度
that we shouldn't let the world warm more than 1.5 degrees centigrade.
从现在的趋势来看 我们在2030年会越过这个值
And we're on track to blow past that by 2030.
关上油枪怎么就这么难？
So why is it so hard to turn off the tap?
我们能及时做到吗？
And can we do it in time?
工业国家已经形成了 对于石油的重度依赖
[man 1] Industrial nations have developed a great dependency on oil.
我们的生活被赋予了新的自♥由♥
[man 2] It has added a new freedom to our lives.
宝贵的石油库存 贮藏在这些外国岛屿之中
[man 3] The invaluable stocks of oil in these exotic islands.
财富为阿♥拉♥伯半岛的传统生活 打开了一道新的大门
[man 4] Their wealth is cracking the old life of Arabia wide open.
尼日利亚政♥府♥对于石油的热爱甚至超过人♥民♥的生命
The Nigerian government love the oil more than our lives.
日益增长的二氧化碳围绕着我们
[man 5] Increasing amounts of carbon dioxide surround us.
如果人们继续破坏环境
If man continues to abuse his environment,
地球也会变得贫瘠起来
Earth, too, may become barren.
剧名：石油
石油的故事讲述了地缘政♥治♥冲突
[Yergin] The story of oil is a story of geopolitical clash,
科技进步和激烈竞争
of technological advancement, and intense competition.
石油的故事就是关于不平等
[man] The story of oil is a story of inequality.
和统治的故事
It's a story of dominance.
在我出生时 尼日利亚正处在结束
The Nigeria in which I was born in was just a couple of years
英国殖民统治的前几年
before the ending of the British colonial rule.
那时还处于农业经济的阶段
[Hawke] At the time, it was an agricultural economy.
北方出产棉花
[Bassey] Cotton from the north,
西方出产可可 中西部出产橡胶
cocoa from the west, and rubber from the midwest.
在尼莫成长的地方 渔业比较兴旺
[Hawke] And in the area where Nnimmo grew up, fishing.
尼日尔河三角洲这个区域
[Bassey] The Niger Delta is an area
是由各条河道相交叉的
that is crisscrossed by water bodies,
小溪、水流、河水、河口
creeks, streams, rivers, estuaries,
这里是几内亚湾大部分鱼类的繁殖地
which is the breeding ground for most fish in the Gulf of Guinea.
这里的鱼类资源丰富到 渔民可以在涨潮时把网撒到水中
[Hawke] It was so fertile, fishermen could just leave their traps at high tide
落潮时收网就好
and pick them up at low tide.
在晚间…
And in the evenings…
孩子们会坐在月光下
[Bassey] Children would sit around in the moonlight,
听老人们分享故事
and the elders would share stories.
他们并不知道自己就坐在
[Hawke] They didn't know they were sitting on
地球上石油最储量丰富的区域之一
one of the most oil-rich regions on Earth.
直到英国准许了壳牌 和简称为BP的英国石油公♥司♥
Until the British granted Shell and BP
石油特许开采权
an exclusive permit to explore for oil.
他们在1965年挖掘到了黑金
They struck black gold in 1956.
在发现石油这件事上
[Bassey] Nigerians were extremely hopeful
尼日利亚人很期待
that the discovery of oil  in their communities
其在经济福利 人们的健康水平
would bring about positive changes in the economic well-being,
以及就业等情况所带来的变化
in the health conditions of the people, in terms of employment and everything.
没过几年之后 尼日利亚便赢得了独♥立♥
[Hawke] And just a few years later, Nigeria won independence.
未来可期
The future looked bright.
最终 化石燃料 也对其他国家造成了改变
After all, fossil fuels had transformed other countries.
世界上最富有的国家 曾经可是穷苦很多
The world's wealthiest nations had once been much poorer.
一个人所能提供的劳动
The amount of work a person could do
本来全靠双手
was the amount they could do with their hands,
或许还有马匹或骡子协助
possibly helped by a horse or mule.
煤矿的发现是首先改变这一现状的
Coal was the first discovery that changed all that.
在海洋与沼泽中的古代生物体
[Hawke] Ancient organisms in oceans and swamps
吸收了从太阳那里获得的能量
had soaked up the power of the sun.
它们的化石 经过了数百万年的压缩变成了煤
Their fossils compressed over millions of years into coal.
在煤矿一公里多之下
And, a mile or more down,
又变成了天然气与原油
into natural gas and crude oil.
燃烧煤 这种贮存太阳能量的时间胶囊
Burning coal, this time capsule of the sun's energy,
帮助英国成为第一个工业化国家
helped Britain become the first industrialized nation
以及世界上前所未见的 最强大的帝国
and the most powerful empire the world had ever seen.
然后石油出现了
And then oil came along.
一切都从一声巨响开始
[Yergin] And that started off this kind of boom.
而以前曾被当做
It was discovered that gasoline,
炼油后废品的汽油
which had been kind of this waste product when they refined oil,
其实是非常好的汽车燃料
was actually a very good fuel for cars.
石油是你可以接触到的
[Lord Browne] Oil was the most energy-packed
最富含能量的液体燃料
liquid source of power that you could get your hands on.
从最初起 对于想要获得 英国专属石油渠道的英国海军来讲
[Yergin] Right from the beginning, it was very important to the British Navy,
这一点就非常重要
who wanted to have access to British-controlled oil.
最初 是由私募财团
It started as a syndicate of private investors,
踏上波斯扎格罗斯山脉的丘陵
that went on a journey and an adventure
进行寻求石油之旅开始的
to find oil in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains in Persia.
这就是盎格鲁波斯石油公♥司♥的起点
That was the start of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company.
后期改名为英国石油公♥司♥
[Hawke] Later renamed British Petroleum.
他们的时机刚刚好
And they were just in time.
第一次世界大战开始时 都是靠着骑兵们冲锋来作战
[Yergin] The First World War began with cavalry charges and people on horses.
结束时却动用上了飞机
And it ended with airplanes,
坦克与卡车
with tanks, with trucks.
当盟军海军摒弃煤而改用石油时
When the Allied navy switched to using oil instead of coal,
那些战舰可以在补充燃料之前 行驶得更远
those ships could go further before refueling.
（德国投降）
石油让全世界都动了起来
[Hawke] Oil put the world in motion.
人们发现了新的自♥由♥
[Lord Browne] People were finding  newfound freedom,
开着车到处跑 乘飞机到处飞
driving all over the place, flying all over the place.
帮数百万人脱了贫
It's pulled millions of people out of poverty.
现代社会的创造也得拜赐于石油
[Yergin] What oil did was really create the modern world.
人们建立了生产线、公路
[Lord Browne] Pipelines were built,  roads were built,
加油站和炼油厂
gas stations were built, refineries were built.
所有人都想在 石油和天然气上进行投资
Everybody wanted investment in oil and gas.
但利润并不平衡
[Hawke] But the profits were lopsided.
波斯沙漠之下的原油之海
[man] The ocean of crude oil underneath Persia's desert
成就了中东石油产业的兴盛
led the way to the Middle East oil boom.
伊朗在自家国土产的石油上 只获得了微薄的利润
[Hawke] Iran was making just a fraction of the profits from their own oil,
剩下的全被英国纳入私囊
while the British raked in the rest.
他们最终决定受够了那个协议
And they decided they were sick of that deal.
怒火中烧的伊朗国家主义者 明确表态