解释一切（2018）

So, in psychology,
人的特质这方面 我们总是会很紧张
we're often nervous about giving animals human qualities,
我自己就曾经是一位坚定的批评者
and I have been a stern critic of that myself.
我个人的转折点是 在扎霍斯进入到了我们的生活…
The personal turning point for me was bringing Xephos into our lives…
你好啊 亲爱的
Hello, sweetie.
…并意识到这只动物的身上 真的有非同寻常的特质
…and realizing that there was something quite remarkable about this animal.
并不是它的智商 而是它超凡的感情能力
And it wasn't her intelligence, but it was her amazing capacity for affection.
于是对我来讲 科学上的转折点就慢慢浮现出来了
The scientific turning point for me came in pieces.
2016年 第一个转折点出现
[Gyllenhaal] One of the first came in 2016.
我给你准备了热狗 真棒
I got hot dogs here for you. Excellent.
有一位叫做格里高里伯恩斯的科学家 他训练狗狗们
[Wynne] There's a scientist, Gregory Berns, who has trained dogs
在核磁共振检查中一动不动
to lie perfectly still in MRI scanners.
现在你就有能力
And so now you have the capacity
拍摄到狗狗无比丰富
to do these fantastically rich, detailed images
细节化的大脑活动图像 这是前所未有过的
of the activity in the brain of a dog, which had never been tried before.
走到头 对 真乖
[woman] All the way. There you go. Good girl.
在核磁共振进行中 伯恩斯团队的人 给狗狗这个信♥号♥♥ 也就意味着…
[Gyllenhaal] Once in the MRI, Berns' team gave the dogs this signal, which meant…
一块香肠送到嘴边
[Wynne] A piece of sausage is on its way.
另一个信♥号♥♥ 意味着…
[Gyllenhaal] And another signal, which meant…
你爱的人类就在附近了
[Wynne] Your beloved human is just round the corner
随时可能会出现
and is gonna appear in just a moment.
真棒啊 佐伊 你做得真好
Great job, Zoe. Good job!
在大多数例子中 狗狗的奖励中枢都会出现同样的亮度
[Gyllenhaal] In most cases, the dog's reward center lit up the same amount.
有五分之一的狗狗…
And one in five dogs…
我们发现它们对于人类的期待
[Wynne] Find the expectation of their human
比对一块香肠的期待还具奖赏力
even more rewarding than the expectation of a piece of sausage.
看来你真的爱我呢
So you do love me. [chuckles]
大多数狗狗主人都希望是这样
[Gyllenhaal] Most dog owners would hope so.
对 它爱我
Uh, yeah. He loves me.
我也爱它
And I love him.
我知道它们爱我 当然了
I know they do. Absolutely.
我每次看到它们 它们都很爱我
They love me every time I see them.
人们对我可不是这样
Not all humans love me every time they see me.
当然 我的狗很爱我
Yes, my dog loves me.
我的确相信我的狗狗爱我
I do believe my dog loves me.
它最好爱我
He'd better love me. [laughs]
你要如何定义爱呢？
How do you define love?
我们无法对爱下定义
[Gyllenhaal] We can't define love.
所以人类才会受到启发 创作出伟大的诗篇
That's why it's inspired great poetry
以及1980年代最酷的音乐视频
and the coolest '80s music videos.
爱是什么？
♪ What is love? ♪
跟我讲讲什么是爱？
♪ Tell me is it really love? ♪
这是爱吗？
♪ Is this love? ♪
我想知道爱是什么
♪ I wanna know what love is ♪
但如果你打算定义爱 并列出核对清单的话
[Gyllenhaal] But if you were to define love and make a checklist,
喜欢某人的程度 超过对一根热狗的喜欢
liking someone more than a hot dog
大概满足了最低的要求
would be kind of a bare minimum requirement.
而共情 这个我们知道狗狗所拥有的能力
And empathy, which we know dogs have,
估计也会在上面
would probably be on there, too.
当你爱一个人的时候 你会为他们做一些事
When you love someone, you do things for them,
而狗狗确实会这样做
and dogs obviously do that.
忠心呢？
And loyalty?
狗狗也能做到这个
Dogs check that box, too.
但爱可远不止这些
But love is something more than that.
它是一种深层次的连接
It's this deep feeling of connection
让世界上其他事情 显得没那么重要了
that makes the rest of the world feel less important.
在2015年
And in 2015,
研究人员通过测量狗的催产素
researchers actually tested whether dogs could feel that,
确定它们是否能有这种感受
by measuring their levels of oxytocin,
也就是我们所知的爱意荷尔蒙
which is known as the love hormone
因为当父母怀抱自己的孩子时 这个值就会爆棚
because it spikes in parents and their babies when they hold them.
还有刚刚在一起的恋人
And in newly enamored couples.
研究人员让人们带狗狗到实验室
[Wynne] They brought people with their dogs into the laboratory,
他们让狗主人坐下来 看着狗狗的眼睛
and they just had the person sit down and look their dog in the eye.
研究结果是 主人和狗狗的
[Gyllenhaal] And it turned out the levels of oxytocin go up
催产素水平均有上升
in both sides of the partnership.
爱被嵌入到他们身体里的荷尔蒙中
[Wynne] The love is embodied in the hormones in their bodies.
研究人员称之为
[Gyllenhaal] Researchers called this
物种间催产素介导良性循环
an interspecies oxytocin-mediated positive loop.
在科学界
In science,
我们会热衷于给予它一个专有名词
we feel this compulsion to have a technical vocabulary.
但称之为“爱”也不为过
[Gyllenhaal] But we might as well call it love.
我有一位非常优秀的同事 布利吉特万霍得博士
One of my really good colleagues, Dr. Bridgett vonHoldt
在普林斯顿大学工作
at Princeton University,
她在犬类基因组研究领域
is one of the leading experts
是最顶尖的专家之一
when it comes to all things canid genome.
她想在最基础的层面看看是什么
[Gyllenhaal] She wanted to see what
导致了狼和狗的差别
really made wolves and dogs different at the most fundamental level,
有一个与开放性有关的基因 让人一眼就识别出来了
and one gene, linked to openness, jumped out.
这就是为何狗狗经常能做出英勇举动
That's why dogs have performed so many heroic feats,
从碎石中搜救人类
rescuing us from rubble,
或冒着枪林弹雨冲锋在前
and running ahead of us into open fire.
从古沿袭下来的选择过程 让狗狗变得越来越友善、可爱
And that ancient selection process that made dogs friendlier and cuter
将对于爱的开放性 编入到了它们的基因中
coded an openness for love into their DNA.
这便是它们的超能力
And that's their superpower.
你可以训练老鼠做同样的工作
You can train rats to do the exact same work.
这是可以做到的 也有人做到过
That can be done, has been done.
但你要是希望人们利用这些动物
But when you actually want people to use those animals
去寻找炸♥药♥、毒品
to go out and find explosives, find drugs,
狗狗要远比其他动物更容易训练
the dog is just a thousand times easier to work with
因为狗狗真心想帮助人
'cause the dog really wants to be there helping you.
我上周刚刚结婚 所以我的确常常会琢磨“爱”这件事
I got married last week, so I'm really thinking about love a lot.
[laughs]
在爱上别人之前 你得先爱自己
You have to love yourself before you can love other people.
而我所发现的是
And what I find, though,
在我学会爱自己之前 我的狗就已经在爱我了
is that before I learned to love myself quite so much, my dog still loved me.
大老虎富兰克林 -大老虎富兰克林
Franklin tiger. -Franklin tiger.
我们的狗狗不在意他们有多吵闹
[Maria] Our dogs don't care how loud they scream
或者他们这一天有多糟糕
or how bad their day has been.
他们也爱狗狗
They-- They love them, too.
考古学家发现过一处 一万四千多年前的陵墓
[Gyllenhaal] Archaeologists have found an over 14,000-year-old grave
墓中埋葬着一对夫妇和两条狗
where two dogs were buried with a couple.
还有一处一万两千年前的陵墓
And another 12,000-year-old grave
墓中的女人在被埋葬时 手搭在一只小狗的身上
where a woman was buried with her hand resting on a puppy.
有一本不到两千年前的古希腊著作
[Wynne] There's a book by an ancient Greek called Arrian
叫做《阿里安》
from a little bit less than 2,000 years ago.
在书中 作者讲述了
And in there he talks about
他有多爱他的狗
how much he loved his dog.
这几乎是人类头一次以书写的形式记录任何事
These are pretty much the first books that humans wrote about anything,
他们却写了有多爱自己的狗
and they're writing about how much they love their dogs
以及他们的狗有多爱他们
and how much their dog loves them.
狗狗不断进化 子孙兴旺 因为我们照料了它们
[Gyllenhaal] Dogs evolved and prospered because we took care of them,
但是它们给予我们的安慰与心灵连接
but the comfort and connection they gave us
或许对于我们的生存 也起了至关重要的作用
may have been important for our survival as well.
我得说 所有的证据都表明
[Schell] I would say all of that evidence
这个结论：“对
does, in fact, say, "Yeah.
黛扎爱我们 我们也爱它”
Deja loves us and we love her."
所有其他生命通过他们的行为
[Wynne] Everything that any other living being
生物特征以及大脑
might do, might show,
所做的、所展现出来的一切
in their behavior and in their biology, and in their brains,
在你的狗狗身上一样都不缺
your dog shows all of those things.
所以 如果你相信
So, if you can be convinced that
任何一种其他生物爱你的话
any other living being loves you,
你就一定得相信 你的狗狗是爱你的
then you've gotta be convinced that your dog loves you.
对吧 亲爱的？
Don't you, sweetie?
[closing theme music playing]