解释一切（2018）

Explained S03E04

Part 1 Feb. 6, 2024, 6:01 p.m.

有些狗狗很高贵
[narrator] There are some dogs so noble,
很英勇
so heroic,
它们为人类做出的贡献不亚于任何一个人
they've done as much for humankind as any person has.
譬如莱卡为了帮我们开拓疆域而献出了自己的生命
Like Laika, who gave her life to expand our frontier.
这只狗可以算得上是
[newscaster] This dog may well be the forerunner
月球之旅的先驱者
that points the way to journeys to the moon.
弗里达在碎石之下拯救了十几个人
[narrator] And Frida, who rescued a dozen souls buried under rubble.
…给很多人带去了会有更多人得救的新希望
[reporter] …giving so many renewed hope that even more lives would be saved.
库诺因冒着枪林弹雨消灭了敌人
[narrator] And Kuno, honored for running ahead into open fire
而受到表彰
and taking down the enemy.
它在关键时刻拯救了生命
He'd saved lives when it mattered.
如今狗狗们可以通过嗅觉辨识出新冠病毒
[narrator] Today, dogs are sniffing out COVID,
入侵物种
invasive species,
以及早期癌症
and cancer, as early as stage I.
它们会带领盲人
They lead the blind,
在有人癫痫发作时帮患者缓冲头部撞击
cushion people's heads during seizures,
并提供其他人力不能及的安慰
and provide comfort when others can't.
很明显人类和狗狗的关系非同寻常
Clearly, humans and dogs have a special thing going on.
快去
[man] Go.
然而它们当然不是脑子最灵光的动物
[narrator] And yet they're certainly not the smartest animal.
-[barks] -[woman laughs]
[dog whines]
也不是我们在动物界的近亲
[narrator] Or our closest animal relative.
那么为何在地球上那么多物种里
So why, out of all species on Earth,
只有狗狗是人类最好的朋友呢？
are dogs man's best friend?
这意味着我们又是怎样的呢？
And what does that say about us?
[theme music playing]
NETFLIX 原创纪录片系列
这只狗狗看起来很开心
[man 1] It certainly appears that the dogs are reasonably content.
每一只娇生惯养的贵宾犬
[man 2] Behind every pampered poodle
背后都是人类漫长的干预史
lies a long history of human intervention.
这些小家伙们不知道去往何处但它们已经在路上了
[man 3] Little fellows don't know where they're going, but they're on their way.
[barking]
这是我们家的新成员比兹利小姐
Here's our new little baby, Miss Beazley.
Oh. [laughs]
剧名：狗
[man] Are you enjoying being on TV? You have no idea how famous you are.
你喜欢上电视吗？你都不知道自己多有名
都因为你的魅力所致
That's part of your charm.
全世界大概有
There are estimated to be
八亿只狗狗
over 800 million dogs on the surface of this planet.
有一半以上是宠物
[Gyllenhaal] And more than half of them are pets.
在我们这个时代
We're living in a time
人类正在导致成千上万个物种走向灭绝
when humans are driving thousands of species extinct,
但有那么少数几个物种
but there are a handful of species
想到了如何和人类和谐相处的办法
that have really figured out how to get along with people,
而狗狗是这里面最典型的例子
and dogs are the number one example of that.
纵观狗狗和我们一起生活的方式
And then when you look at how dogs live with us,
我们把它们照顾得多好至少在它们比较健康的时候
how well we take care of them, at least at its best,
你会发现这还是不错的“狗”生
I mean, it's a great life.
狗是第一种被驯化的动物
Dogs were the first domesticated animal.
这有点出人意料
[Gyllenhaal] Which is surprising.
我们的祖先圈养了那多食草类动物
Our ancestors had all these nice plant-eating animals roaming around,
却首先驯服了狼
and yet, first up, they tamed wolves,
一种有可能杀掉他们的食肉动物
meat-eating predators that could kill them.
没人知道人类和狼是如何开始友好相处的
No one knows for certain how wolves and humans first got friendly,
但一个比较主流的理论是…
but one leading theory is…
这个食腐动物的假设讲的是
The scavenger hypothesis talks about this idea
人们会把吃剩下的肉丢给狼
that people would throw that extra meat to wolves,
而狼就会产生一种联想
and wolves would create this association
人类也不赖嘛毕竟他们会投食
that human beings aren't that bad, through food.
人类不仅消除了威胁
[Gyllenhaal] Humans didn't just neutralize the threat.
还提供了一种全新的保护方式
We created a new kind of protection.
如果你有狼伴你左右
[Schell] So if you have wolves on your side,
就算是对抗其他狼
even against other wolves,
它们会发出警告提醒你说： “喂有东西来了”
they'll provide signals of "Hey, something is coming."
在有类似ADT这种保安公♥司♥出现之前
So, before ADT became ADT, right,
狗狗就是保护我们安全的同伴
dogs were our security companions.
正因为最友好的狼会得到最多的残羹剩饭
[Gyllenhaal] And since the friendliest wolves got more scraps,
狼的驯化程度一代比一代更高
over generations, the wolves got tamer and tamer,
从而完全演化成了一个新物种
transforming into an entirely new species.
在1959年
In 1959,
俄♥罗♥斯♥科学家德米特里贝尔耶夫
Russian scientist Dmitry Belyaev
试图在其他动物身上复♥制♥这种演化
tried to replicate that on another animal.
[squeals]
他圈养了一群银狐
He rounded up a bunch of silver foxes
找到驯服程度最高的一对繁殖下一代
and selected the tamest to parent the next generation.
然后他又对它们的后代和后代的后代做了同样的事
And then he did the same with their pups, and then their pups,
周而复始
and so on and so on.
在培育了15代之后…
Fifteen generations later…
这样选择的结果是曾经暴♥力♥又狡猾的狐狸
[in Russian] The selection turned what were once aggressive and sneaky foxes
变成了和狗狗一样友好的动物
into animals as friendly as a dog.
它们的生物指标发生了变化
[Gyllenhaal in English] Their biology had changed.
它们的压力荷尔蒙
They had about half the amount of stress hormones
只有野生祖先的一半
as their wild ancestors.
分泌这种压力荷尔蒙的肾上腺
The adrenal gland that produces those stress hormones
变得更小了
had actually become smaller,
而它们的血清素水平提高了
and their serotonin levels increased,
这会提高动物的快乐程度
which produced happier animals.
它们的外观也发生了变化
Their appearance changed, too.
尾巴变卷了
Their tails became curlier,
身体变得更圆润
their bodies rounder,
耳朵更软
and ears floppier,
脸变得更有幼兽的特质
more juvenile facial features,
可爱程度也增加了很多
increasingly adorable.
这么说吧
And, well,
更像狗了
more like dogs.
可爱的事物会解锁家长模式
[Schell] Cuteness unlocks this parenting mode.
譬如一个小宝宝对吧？一个很小的婴儿
So imagine a baby, right? A really, really small infant.
你的本能就会涌上来
Your instincts are going to kick in
想要保护这个小家伙
to want to protect that really small thing.
狗狗们用新的生存技能
[Gyllenhaal] Dogs replaced the survival skills they lost
代替了已经失去的技能
with new ones,
卖♥♥萌属第一
mainly pulling on our heartstrings.
所谓的“狗狗眼神”
[Coren] The so-called puppy dog eyes is an entreaty
是狗狗恳求人类给予零食或爱抚时
that dogs seem to reserve for people
或它们想要的东西时
to get something, to get a treat, to get a pat,
所采用的花招对其他狗狗没用
or that kind of a thing. Doesn't work on other dogs.
你是不是不乖？
[woman] Are you being bad?
我们总是会沦陷
[Gyllenhaal] And we are suckers for it.
但你好可爱啊
[woman] But you're cute.
一个收♥容♥所♥的研究表明
[Gyllenhaal] One study at a shelter
哪条狗狗使用“狗狗眼神” 这一招越频繁
found that the more frequently a dog used the puppy dog eyes,
它就会越快被领养
the more quickly they were adopted.
宝贝你准备好了吗？
[Schell] Right, baby, are you ready?
狗狗们成就了非凡
[Gyllenhaal] Dogs pulled off something extraordinary.
坐下
Sit.
虽然语言不通
[Gyllenhaal] Despite a huge language barrier,
但它们想到了跟我们沟通的办法
they figured out how to talk to us.
讲话
Speak. -[barks]
瞧？它就是这么沟通的它想吃零食了
See? He's trying to communicate right then and there. He wants a treat.
我会跟它讲话然后它…
I talk with him and he…
它就会按我说的做基本上就是这样的
does what I ask him to. Basically, that's how it is.
狗狗很容易就明白肢体语言
It's easy to pick up on the body language
毕竟你花了那么长的时间养育它们
after, you know, you've spent so much time with them raising them.
跟我讲讲吧？你想要什么？谢谢
Tell me? What do you want? Thank you.
我们已经达成了一种默契
So, we have a system here
它想要什么的话一定会让我知道
where if he wants something, he will definitely let me know.
它们会做出某种行为
They tend to have, like, little behaviors
来表示它们想要什么或想表达什么
that'll, like, indicate what they want or what they're trying to say.
但我不一定每次都猜对
But I don't know. It's not always right.
狗狗会表达很多种感情和欲望
[Gyllenhaal] Dogs can communicate dozens of feelings and desires.
但基本离不开这些
But here are the basics.
狗狗的叫声可以表达出一些信息
There are some things you can learn from the dog's barks.
首先要看看叫声是否比较尖锐
The first is whether the bark is high in pitch.