古埃及的瑰宝（2014）

The term for the palace, per arr, literally great house,
是指它的皇室居住者，per arr pharaoh
came to refer to its royal occupant, per arr pharaoh.
这有点像英国人谈论皇室
It's a bit like British people talking about the crown.
这一转变是为了解决政♥府♥面临的特别棘手的问题
And the shift came about to solve the particularly tricky problem faced by the administration.
一位新国王已经登上了王位
A new king had laid claim to the throne.
但有一个基本问题
But there was a fundamental issue.
埃及的第一位法老是一位女性
Egypt's first pharaoh was a woman.
埃及人没有一个词来形容女王
The Egyptians didn't really have a word for queen.
皇室女性被授予像国王的伟大妻子一样的头衔
Royal women were given titles like king's great wife.
所以，当一位名叫哈特谢普苏特的年轻女子登上王位时
So, when a young woman named Hatshepsut came to the throne,
她有些困惑的肖像揭示了一点身份危机
her somewhat confused portraiture revealed a little bit of an identity crisis.
哈特谢普苏特统治埃及不是以女王，而是以国王的身份
Hatshepsut ruled Egypt not as a queen, but as a king,
她的性别和她的地位之间的冲突似乎是不可调和的
and that clash between her gender and her position seemed to be irreconcilable.
但她是以男性神灵奥西里斯的身份出现的
But she appears in the guise of the male god Osiris.
她的皮肤是红色的，在古埃及艺术中也是红色的
Her skin is red, and red skin in ancient Egyptian art
这与男性化皮肤有关
was associated with turned masculine skin.
她还留着神圣的胡子
And she also wears a divine beard,
最不是女性化的特征了
hardly the most feminine of attributes.
埃及以前没有变装的法老
Now, Egypt hadn't had a cross- dressing pharaoh before,
但这位有一种温柔的，大眼睛的美
but this has a gentle, wide-eyed beauty.
关于脸部有一些模棱两可和雌雄同体的东西
There's something quite ambiguous and androgynous about the face,
这既符合她的身份，也符合她的生理特征
which manages to nod both to her rank and also to her biology.
不仅哈特谢普苏特的形象受到了改造
It wasn't just Hatshepsut's image that received a makeover.
底比斯也做了整容
Thebes was given a facelift, too,
被她雄心勃勃的建筑师改造成一个辉煌的首都
transformed by her ambitious architects into a glorious capital city
来展示她的公共纪念碑
to showcase her public monuments.
她重建了神殿
She rebuilt shrines
用像摩天大楼一样高耸入云的建筑装饰着这座城市
and adorned the city with soaring structures that once loomed like skyscrapers.
我觉得即使不是古埃及人也能体会到
I don't think you need to be an ancient Egyptian to appreciate that
这座巨大的方尖碑是非常了不起的景象
this gargantuan obelisk is a pretty awesome sight,
石兽重约300吨♥
is a beast of rock weighing around 300 tons,
并且是整块的
and it's monolithic,
这意味着它是由一块近30米高的花岗岩雕刻而成的
which means it was carved from a single chunk of granite almost 30 meters high.
这是埃及最高的方尖碑
This is the tallest standing obelisk in Egypt.
在新王国时期法老们的统治下，像这样的方尖碑显示出其重要性
And obelisks like this came into their own under the pharaohs of the New Kingdom.
它们本来代表太阳的第一缕光线
They were meant to represent the first rays of the sun's light,
照亮已知的世界
illuminating the known world.
这一个的顶端用金箔包裹着
And the tip of this one was sheathed in gold leaf.
人们经常谈论令人眼花缭乱的艺术作品
Now, people often talk about dazzling works of art.
这一个确实是
This one really was.
想象一下往上看
Imagine looking up to the top,
在埃及耀眼的阳光下
in this glaring Egyptian sunlight,
盯着那闪闪发光的金子
seeing that sparkling gold.
那一定是相当困难的
It must have actually been quite hard to look at,
就像凝视着神的脸
like staring into the face of a god.
哈特谢普苏特明显理解了
And Hatshepsut clearly understood
这些翱翔形式的象征意义
the symbolic significance of these soaring forms,
因为这个底座上有铭文
because there's an inscription at the base of this one
文中她谈到了未来的人
in which she talks about peoples of the future
“他们将参观我的纪念碑，讲述我的成就”
who will see my monuments and speak of what I've done.
所以，对于哈特谢普苏特来说
So, for Hatshepsut,
方尖碑有点像是后人的路标
obelisks were kind of signposts for posterity,
指向永恒的方向
pointing the way towards eternity.
但哈特谢普苏特至高无上的荣耀
But Hatshepsut's crowning glory
是埃及前所未见的景象
was like nothing Egypt had ever seen before.
她从卡纳克向北修建的是一条出城的“高速公路”
The road she built north from Karnak was a superhighway out of the city
前往有史以来最伟大的建筑之一
to one of the greatest buildings ever constructed.
我的下一个宝藏是Djeser-Djeseru
My next treasure is Djeser-Djeseru,
也叫“至圣所”
or Holy of Holies,
哈特谢普苏特神庙位于代尔埃尔巴♥赫♥里
Hatshepsut's temple at Deir el Bahri.
这是我第一次参观哈特谢普苏特的陵寝
This is the first time that I've visited Hatshepsut's mortuary temple.
这让我印象深刻
And it makes this really gleaming impression.
它井然有序，干净整洁，与自然相对立
It's ordered and clean, set against the wild,
上方那高低不平的底比斯山脉
rugged disorder of those Theban mountains above.
真是奇妙的对比
It's a wonderful contrast.
人们常说这预示着希腊和罗马的古典建筑
And people often say that this anticipates classical architecture, Greek and Roman,
看起来很相似
that it looks quite similar.
但对我来说，这是我第一次真正看到它，感觉如此现代
But to me, for the first time that I've seen it for real, it feels so modern.
这看起来像1930年代的法♥西♥斯♥主义的建筑
This looks like a piece of fascist architecture from the 1930s.
它可能是在过去100年里建成的
It could have been built within the last 100 years.
当你走动时，你会看到一种绝妙的视觉效果
And as you walk, there's this brilliant visual coup,
因为庙宇本身就坐落在这些阶地之间
because the temple itself is arranged across these terraces,
但从某个特定角度
but from a certain angle,
特别是当你走得更远的时候
particularly when you're further back,
你无法完全估量了
you can't quite gauge that.
它们相互堆叠在一起
They stack on top of each other
就像一个巨大的立面
as though it's one big facade,
当你靠近的时候
and then as you approach,
它把自己展开
it unfurls and reveals itself.
这就像埃舍尔的画在你眼前在空间中移♥动♥
It's like an Escher drawing moving around in space before your eyes.
神庙的每一面都在夸耀她的光辉
Every aspect of the temple boasts of her brilliance.
柱廊上
From the pillared porticoes,
装饰着哈特谢普苏特的巨大雕像
decorated with giant statues of Hatshepsut,
赞美她丰功伟绩的浮雕
to the painted reliefs that extol her exploits.
我喜欢这幅，描绘了她前往神秘失落之地庞特的使命
I love this one, depicting her mission to the mysterious lost land of Punt.
但我最喜欢的部分
But my favorite part of the temple
就藏在神庙另一边
is tucked away to one side.
一个私密的小圣堂，在那里她可以自♥由♥地做自己
An intimate chapel where she was free to be herself.
离开外面那些阳光普照的灿烂的寺庙公共露台，真是一种解脱
It's quite a relief to leave behind those sun-soaked splendid public terraces of the temple outside
来到这里，进入这个非常私人的
and come in here into this quite intimate,
更加女性化的空间
much more feminine space, really.
这个小圣堂，是献给母亲女神哈索尔的
It's a chapel, and it's dedicated to the mother goddess Hathor,
她经常以牛的形象出现
who often appeared as a cow.
你进来时看到哈索尔
And you see Hathor as you come in,
在那些柱子的顶端，她睁大的眼睛，慈祥的脸庞
her wide-eyed benign faces on the tops of those columns,
你又在内殿找到了哈索尔
and you find Hathor again in the inner sanctuary,
就在这两幅令人愉快的浮雕画中
in these two really delightful painted relief scenes on either wall.
她在这里，这一幕占据主导
Here she is, this scene dominated,
作品着迷之处在于哈索尔的牛形象
the composition enthralled to this image of Hathor the cow,
母亲女神
the mother goddess.
这边是一个婴儿
And over here is an infant,
哺乳中的婴儿
a baby being suckled.
那就是哈特谢普苏特
Now, that is Hatshepsut.
她声称诸神是她的父母
She's claiming the gods as her parents.
她必须向外界展示自己
She had to present herself to the outside world
有点像铁娘子，带着某种坚硬的盔甲
as a bit of an iron lady with this sort of tough carapace.
但在这里，在这个神圣的内部空间
But here, in this sacred inner space,
她当然能够展示她自己
she could afford to show that she was, of course,
也是个有血有肉的女人
a woman of flesh and blood as well.
有更温柔的感觉，更温柔的情绪
Some with softer feelings, softer emotions,
可以爱上某个人
someone who could fall in love.
这就是为什么很有启发性地在这里发现了
And that's why it's quite revealing to find in here
这个小雕像，一个男人
this little carving of a figure, a man.
象形文字说出了他的名字
The hieroglyphs tell us his name.
他叫塞那莫特
He was called Senenmut.
塞那莫特是哈特谢普苏特的得力助手
Senenmut was Hatshepsut's right-hand man,
他负责建造这座非凡的神庙
and he was responsible for this extraordinary temple.
我们可能无法知晓法老是如何识别出
We'll probably never know how the pharaoh came to recognize
这位出身低微的天才技能的
the talents of this low-born genius.
我想大致回顾一下她的成就
I want to get an overview of what she achieved.
哈特谢普苏特重新找到了古代王权的荣耀
Hatshepsut rediscovered the glories of ancient kingship.
法老不再忧心忡忡、愁眉不展、憔悴难安
Pharaohs no longer looked at all careworn or troubled or haggard,
因为他们生来就是神
because they were divine by their very birth.
古底比斯将继续成为古埃及闪耀的中心
And ancient Thebes would go on to become this glittering center of ancient Egypt.
这是某种舞台，为这场昂贵的谁更高人一等的戏剧搭建
It was a kind of stage set for this expensive drama of one-upmanship,
历任的国王竞相委托制♥作♥
as successive kings vied to commission
更加庞大、全能的艺术和建筑
art and architecture that was more colossal, almighty,
而且史无前例地丰富
and opulent than ever before.
到公元前14世纪
By the 14th century B.C.,
埃及进入和平时期
Egypt had settled into peacetime
成为富饶之地