古埃及的瑰宝（2014）

已经准备好加入他的现代自♥由♥沙伯提大军
is ready to join his army of free modern-day shabtis.
所以这是一种神奇的转变吗？
So it is a piece of magical transformation then?
是的，从沙子到半宝石
Yes. From sand to semiprecious stone.
对
Yeah.
沙伯提是来世中的仆人
Shabtis were servants in the afterlife,
但我的下一个宝藏是由现世的工匠创造的
but my next treasure was made by workers in this life,
为了找到它，我要去帝王谷附近的一个村庄
and to find it I'm off to a village near The Valley of the Kings,
希望我的驴子波普斯有体力
if my donkey Pops has the energy.
在底比斯西岸沙漠中的小山那边
Just over the hill in the desert on the west bank of Thebes
就是代尔麦地那村
is the village of Deir el-Medina,
也是艺术家和工匠的家园
which was home to the artists and craftsmen
他们为拉美西斯二世建造了神庙和陵墓
who created the temples and the tombs for Ramesses II.
有点像古埃及人
It's a bit like the ancient Egyptian
相当于19世纪的典型的工匠村庄
equivalent of those great 19th century model villages for workers,
伯恩维尔或是“阳光港”
Bournville or Port Sunlight,
但对埃及人来说，这不是普通的村庄
but to the Egyptians, it was no ordinary village.
这实际上是一个封闭的社区和专属的地方
It was a sort of gated community and exclusive place actually,
住满了石匠，制图师，雕刻家
filled with stonemasons, draftsmen, sculptors,
而且他们有着非常重要的任务
and they had a very important task.
他们必须确保通往来世的安全通道
They had to ensure the safe passage to the afterlife
为了统治埃及的国王们
of the kings who ruled over Egypt.
现在我很想去看看，波普斯
Now I'd quite like to go and see it, Pops.
我们可以走了吗？来吧
Shall we give it a go? Come on.
现在不远了，快点
Not far to go now. Come on.
不要在这个时候放弃
Don't give up at this point.
在这个地方有一个好处，就是我们知道艺术家的名字
What's great about this place is that we know the names of the artists,
以及他们居住的地方
as well as where they lived.
他们甚至在岩石中挖出了坟墓
They even have tombs cut out of the rock,
有些顶部有小金字塔
some capped by small pyramids.
有点像“玩具埃及城”
It's a bit like a Toy Town Egypt,
从一些令人难以忍♥受的地方解脱出来...
a relief from some of the overpowering places...
目前我参观过的地方
I've visited so far.
代尔麦地那这地方非常特别
Deir el-Medina's a very special place
因为它给予我们真正的洞察力
because it gives us real insight,
一个难得的机会来窥探艺术家们的工作实践和日常生活
a rare glimpse into the working practices and daily lives of artists,
也让我们看到他们是如何装饰他们自己的坟墓
but it also lets us see how they decorated their own tombs,
换句话说，他们画了些什么
in other words, what they painted...
在他们被放任不管的时候
when they were left to their own devices.
我希望看到背离
I'm hoping to see a departure...
沉闷的常规的官方绘画
from the sometimes stifling conventions of official painting...
然后我就进入了一个名叫帕什杜的石匠的坟墓中
as I head down into the tomb of a stonemason called Pashedu.
这里才是墓室真正的起点
This is where the burial chamber proper begins,
你能看出来，因为迎接你的是这两个…
and you can tell because you're greeted by these two...
长着豺狼头的神灵
jackal-headed gods,
阿努比斯在两边
Anubis on either side,
守卫着陵墓…
guarding the tomb...
映衬着色彩缤纷的背景
against a very colorful background,
在你完全进入房♥间后
and you come through into the chamber proper,
然后…
and--
你看到所有常见的神：奥西里斯，哈索尔
you've got all the usual gods Osiris, Hathor--
这里有一个十字记号♥，象形文字
there's an ankh sign, hieroglyphics,
但真正打动我的…
but the thing that really strikes me...
是亮黄色
is bright yellow,
它连接着整个墓室的壁画
which links the entire painting of this tomb.
这是一种非常活泼的颜色
It's a very lively color.
我想这是死亡的对立面
It's the antithesis of death, I guess.
它是阳光
It's sunlight,
感觉像是在晚春初夏
and this feels like a quite late spring, early summer
对来世的想象
vision of the afterlife.
这就像在岩石深处发现一个金块
It's like coming across a nugget of gold buried deep within the rock,
你可以看到，即使有这些象形文字
and you can see the way, even with these hieroglyphics,
它们被描绘成一种看似自发的
that they've been painted in quite a seemingly spontaneous,
险峻的
rapid,
毛茸茸的感觉
brushy feel,
这样整个空间就有了一种氛围，我认为是…
and that gives the whole space an atmosphere, I think of...
不拘礼节，亲密的
informality, intimacy,
从某种意义上有助于场景，因为你看到帕什杜的家人
which aids the scene in a sense because you have Pashedu's family.
你可以看到他的父亲和他雪白的头发
You can see his father there with his snow white hair.
它实际上是一座讲求实在的坟墓
It's actually quite a down-to-earth tomb.
这是一位朋友为另一位朋友画的
It's been painted by a friend for a friend,
事实上他们…
and the fact that they...
留下的略为自发性的东西，表现出了自♥由♥
have left things slightly spontaneous gives it a freedom.
比如这处阿努比斯的背景
Like, the backgrounds here behind Anubis,
它们真的很精妙
they're really wonderful.
你可以看出这里绘画的速度
You can see the speed at which this has been painted,
而且这可不是某个不会画几何锯齿形的人
and it's not someone who can't paint a geometric zigzag
来帮忙创作的这个图案
to kind of help create this pattern.
而是某些人喜欢那种
It's someone who likes that
略带刻意的朴实效果
slightly deliberately artless effect
并且认为它确实增添了某些东西，是这样的
and thinks that it really adds something, and it does.
它具有了迷人的魅力，而同样的魅力可能会发现于…
It's got that winning charm, the same kind of charm you might find in, say,
一件朴素的拼凑的棉被中
a really homespun patchwork quilt.
看到工匠们的艺术是一件罕见而特别的事情
It's a rare and special thing to see the art of the workers.
在代尔麦地那的其它坟墓里
In other tombs at Deir el-Medina,
壁画同样新鲜和充满活力
the paintings are just as fresh and vibrant,
但它们也没有打破埃及艺术的古老规则
but they, too, don't break free from the age-old rules of Egyptian art.
我的下一个宝藏就是这样
My next treasure does just that,
它也是在工匠村庄里发现的
and it was also found in the workers' village.
代尔麦地那的生活并不那么容易
Life in Deir el-Medina wasn't all that easy.
仅是运水到定居点就很困难了
It was difficult simply transporting water up into the settlement,
于是村民们决定建一口大井
so the villagers decided to construct an enormous well.
可在他们挖了大约50米之后
After they'd dug down for round about 50 meters, though,
他们不得不承认失败
they had to admit defeat,
但是他们的坏运气是我们的好运气
but their bad luck was our good fortune
因为他们开始把这个大坑当成垃圾场
because they started using this great pit as a rubbish dump,
20世纪在那里发现的残片和零碎东西
and the scraps and odds and ends that were discovered down there during the 20th century,
改变了我们对古埃及艺术的理解
transformed our understanding of ancient Egyptian art.
古人丢弃的东西对埃及古物学家来说竟然是天赐之物
What the ancients threw away turned out to be manna for Egyptologists,
他们发现了成千上万的陶器碎片
who discovered thousands of ostraca,
像这些复♥制♥品
like these replicas.
陶片要么是陶器碎片
An ostracon is either a pottery shard...
或者是石灰岩燧石...
or a limestone flint...
已经被用来书写信件、表格，或是作草图
which has been used to write down letters, lists, or also sketches.
这些是不是像今天的电子邮件呢？
So these are a bit like the e-mails of the day?
肯定的
Oh, definitely.
告诉我这家伙是谁，因为他看起来可以在当地的酒吧里见到
Tell me who this bloke is because he looks like you could meet him down your local boozer,
喝着几杯啤酒
sinking a few pints of beer.
这幅画实际上是一个石匠的漫画
This one is a caricature of a stonemason actually,
你可以看到他日常生活的坚韧
so you see the toughness of his daily routine,
他是个肌肉男，因为他的工作实际上很辛苦
and it's very muscle man because actually his work is very tough.
推测起来这应该是一种凿子和锤子吧
Is this-- this is a sort of chisel and a kind of hammer.
是一把锤子，没错
And a hammer, exactly.
他日常工作的工具
His tools for his daily work.
这告诉我们什么呢？
So what does that tell us?
看来古埃及人实际上…
Well, it appears that actually the ancient Egyptians--
这里的绘图员，他们也有能力
about the draftsman here, they were able, as well,
处理日常的、现实的图像，要我说的话
to deal with the daily, realistic, I would say, images,
而且更多理想化的图像，要我说的话
as well as, I would say, more idealistic images,
就像我们经常在寺庙里看到的那样
like what we are most used to see on temples
以及在坟墓里
and inside the tombs.
显然这并不是完全真实的
Obviously this isn't entirely real
因为埃及艺术的传统仍然适用
because still the conventions of Egyptian art apply.
当然
Of course.
在陶片中有没有让你任何时刻感觉到艺术家...
Are there any moments within ostraca where you feel that the artist...
实际上本能地打破了其中一些规则呢？
actually instinctively breaks free of some of those rules?
肯定的，你在那个特殊的陶片上可以看到
Definitely. You have that on that particular ostracon here.
这是一个很好的例子，我们称之为tipsy-turvy
This is a really nice example of what we call tipsy-turvy--
- Topsy-turvy. - Topsy-turvy-- 抱歉--
- Topsy-turvy. - Topsy-turvy-- sorry-- world
因为那种通常的肖像...
because the usual iconography of that...
你看到的是国王坐在战车上骑着一匹骏马
is that you see the King in his chariot riding a glorious horse,