古埃及的瑰宝（2014）

其中一些已经有6000年的历史
some of them are 6,000 years old.
大部分是红色的
The majority of it is red,
代表着沙漠的贫瘠土地
representing the barren soil of the desert,
但黑色代表尼罗河
but the black stands in for the Nile,
也就是洪水退去后灌溉的肥沃土地
for the irrigated fertile earth after the flood waters have receded,
然后随着时间的推移
and then as time goes by,
从美学的角度来看艺术的发展
you see from an aesthetic point of view artistic development
随着人们的到来，改变了锅的形状
as people come in, change the forms of the pots,
添加了这些手柄，包括这些设计
add these handles, and include these designs,
其中一些，像这些螺旋，几何设计
some of them, like these spirals, geometric designs,
但偶尔你也会发现像这样装饰着动物的陶罐
but occasionally you found pots like these decorated with animals.
你可以看到火烈鸟，可以看到瞪羚
You can see flamingos, you can see gazelles,
这些三角形的形状有点像金字塔
and these triangular shapes a bit like pyramids,
就像我在沙漠里发现的那些自然形态
like those natural forms that I found in the desert,
但你在这些纳卡达陶器上发现的最大主题
but above all the biggest motif you found on these Naqada pots
是船
was the boat.
这艘船具有象征意义
The boat had symbolic importance
因为它帮助把死者从今生
because it helped take the deceased from this life
带到来世的王国
into the realm of the afterlife.
所以你在这些晚期的纳卡达陶罐中的发现
So what you find in these late Naqada pots
如果你喜欢的话，就是埃及艺术的开端
are the beginnings, if you like, of Egyptian art proper.
你会在自然界中找到乐趣
You find a delight in the natural world,
一种对原始的认识
a recognition of the primal,
河流对这种文化的核心重要性
central importance of the river for this culture
还会发现一个复杂的宗教信仰体系
and also a complex system of religious belief
其中来世将占主导地位
in which the afterlife would predominate.
约翰·奥卡罗正在画一个纳卡达风格的罐子
John O'Carroll's painting a Naqada style pot
用的是传统颜料
using traditional pigments.
这是典型的纳卡达场景
O'Carroll: You've got a typical Naqada scene here.
这是一条船，一条镰刀船
It's a boat, a sickle boat.
都是漂亮的装饰
It's all beautifully decorative.
在所有的纳卡达服饰中，这种可爱的、欢快的
And in all of the Naqada wear, this lovely, joyous
流动的线条反复出现
fluidity of line and repetition occurs again and again,
赋予了这些罐子生命
giving the pots life.
我们知道尺度在埃及艺术中很重要
Sooke: We know that scale is important in Egyptian art.
越大的人
The bigger the person...
他们就越重要
the bigger the deal they are.
很明显，女人的地位更高
So clearly the woman has more status.
也许是女神吧?
Perhaps a goddess then?
通常有一个男人站在她旁边
Often there's a man depicted next to her.
这个男人总是显得尺寸小一些
The man is always shown in smaller size.
有时候，他的阴♥茎♥是勃起的
Sometimes, he does have an erect penis,
我把它放在这里，好了
which I'll put in here, so, um, there we are.
那里再做一个
Just do a little one there.
- 你觉得我可以试试吗？ - 可以啊
- Do you think I might have a go? - I think you should.
上面这些生物是什么？
What about these creatures above?
火烈鸟
Flamingo.
-还不错 -很像火烈鸟
- That's not bad. - Very flamingo-like, yes.
你觉得这些罐子在历史上的地位如何？
I mean, where do you feel that the pots stand in that history?
它们有多重要呢？
How important are they?
我认为它们很好，因为它们很欢乐
I think they're very good in that they're joyous,
自然和人类以一种流动的、和谐的方式结合在一起
bringing together nature and man in a fluid, harmonious way
在其正式形成之前
before it becomes formalized,
这对古埃及乃至整个世界的艺术都非常重要和关键
and very important and pivotal to the art of ancient Egypt and indeed the world.
多亏了尼罗河的丰富馈赠
Thanks to the abundant gifts of the Nile,
公元前3000年，一簇簇的村庄已经发展成为繁荣的王国
by 3000 B.C., clusters of villages had grown into thriving kingdoms.
每年的洪水带来了贸易和繁荣
The annual flood brought trade and prosperity.
有50万人居住在河边
Half a million people lived alongside the river.
我的第三个宝藏是在尼罗河谷发现的
My third treasure was discovered in the Nile Valley
靠近内肯的一座古老要塞
close to an ancient fort in Nekhen,
猎鹰城
the City of the Falcon.
我认为你会觉得这很奇怪
Now I think you'll find this quite surprising,
这块相当乏味的灌木丛地却出现了
but this rather uninspiring plot of scrubland yielded
艺术史上最重要的发现之一
one of the most important artistic historical discoveries ever
在1♥8♥9♥7年，几个英国的考古学家
in 1♥8♥9♥7 when a couple of British archaeologists,
奎布尔和格林先生
Messrs. Quibble and Green,
在泥土中摸索，挖掘当地寺庙的废墟
were scrabbling around in the dirt here, excavating the ruins of the local temple.
现在，在未经训练的眼睛看来，它什么也不是
Now to the untrained eye, it doesn't look like anything much. I mean, today--
这里有一个旧瓶子
I mean, there's an old bottle,
还有一只拖鞋
there's a flip flop,
回到19世纪末
and back at the end of the 19th century,
奎布尔和格林先生也没有什么太好运气
Quibble and Green weren't having much luck either.
他们发现了一堵泥砖墙，一个用石头砌成的土堆
They found a mud brick wall, an earth mound faced with stone,
什么都没有，直到他们开始挖掘这里
nothing until they started digging over here
深挖一层厚厚的黏土
and dug deep into a thick layer of clay,
在挖掘的过程中，他们开始发现像是宝藏的东西
and as they dug, they started to discover what appeared to be treasures,
东西看起来像是仪式用品
things that looked like ritual objects,
其中一个特别引起了他们的注意
and one in particular caught their eye,
而那块东西，就是在这个地方发现的
and that piece, discovered in very this spot,
事实证明
proved to be nothing less
这简直就是古埃及文明的基石
than the foundation stone of ancient Egyptian civilization.
为了看它，我向北前往首都开罗
To see it, I head north to the capital, Cairo.
我的宝物现在收藏在埃及博物馆里
My treasure now resides in the Egyptian Museum.
这是对埃及之父国王纳尔默的最好的纪念
It's a potent memorial to the father of Egypt King Narmer.
人们经常谈论艺术家打破规则手册
People often talk about artists ripping up the rule book.
这就是古埃及艺术的规则手册
Well, this is the rule book of ancient Egyptian art.
它被称为纳尔默画板，可以追溯到公元前3000年左右
It's called the Narmer Palette, and it dates from round about 3000 B.C.
一块石板被用来研磨作画
A palette was used for grinding paint,
但这是一个仪式版本
but this is a ceremonial, ritual version,
可能是为了纪念一系列的胜利
and it commemorates probably a series of victories
在埃及城邦，上埃及和下埃及
after which the state of Egypt, Upper and Lower Egypt,
统一为一个国家之后
was unified into one,
它展示了一个国王在打击他的敌人
and it shows a king smiting his foe,
但我觉得这很有趣的原因
but the reason I find this so interesting,
也是埃及古物学家对此非常兴奋的原因
the reason Egyptologists get very excited about this
在于它在一块板中包含了
is because it contains in one piece
许多不同的元素、风格和做法
a number of different elements and styles and approaches
来表达埃及艺术中必不可少的世界
to representing the world that were essential to Egyptian art
而且被一次又一次地使用，历经三千余年
and would be used time and time again for 3,000 years
直到罗马人的时代
until the days of the Romans.
画板被划分成不同区域来记录
The space has been organized into these different bands or registers.
这里有人物形象的展示
There's the presentation of the human figure,
我们认为这是典型的古埃及人
which is typically, as we think of it, ancient Egyptian.
这是一个复合视图
It's a composite view.
你可以看到正面的躯干，侧面的双腿
You see a torso front on, you see the legs to one side,
脸的侧面，还有一只眼睛正面对着你
the profile of the face, and yet a single eye facing you frontal, as well.
这里用比例来表示重要性
There's the use of scale to indicate importance,
这位国王无疑是画板上最大的人物
so the king is far and away the biggest person on the palette,
也即是说他是老大
which means that he's the boss,
你会一次又一次地看到
and there's an interest in the natural world
埃及艺术中对自然世界的兴趣
that you would see again and again in Egyptian art.
这是神，一只猎鹰，荷鲁斯
There's the god, a falcon, Horus.
在上面，是一位起保护作用的牛女神，名叫巴特
Up above, you've got a protective cow goddess called Bat,
而在画板另一边
and on the other side,
你再次看到国王
you see the king again
他的形象是一头公牛，正在攻击一个防御森严的城镇
in the form of a bull attacking a fortified town.
所有这些都成为了埃及艺术的重要组成部分
All of these things became essential components of Egyptian art.
在画板上创立的体系
The system that was created here
将持续数千年
would last for thousands of years.
它就像一块刻有埃及艺术戒律的石碑
It's like a tablet incised with the commandments of Egyptian art.
在纳尔默国王制定埃及艺术规则后的几个世纪里
In the centuries after King Narmer laid down the rules of Egyptian art,
他所统一的国家不断壮大
the country he unified went from strength to strength,
我们今天所知的古埃及开始成形
and the ancient Egypt we know today began to take shape.
也许古埃及没有任何视觉形式
Perhaps no visual form says ancient Egypt
能像金字塔那样让人印象深刻
quite as memorably and immediately as the pyramid,
而在塞加拉这里，整个的金字塔群
and here at Saqqara, there's a whole cluster of pyramids
仍然主宰着天际
that still dominate the skyline
传达着建造它们的国王们令人激动的力量
and communicate the thrilling power of the kings that built them,
其中最早的金字塔
but the earliest pyramid of all
是这一座，塞加拉的阶梯金字塔
was this one here, the step pyramid at Saqqara,