古埃及的瑰宝（2014）

只是拉美西斯在埃及各处所建造的
were just two of the many self-aggrandizing monuments
众多自吹自擂式纪念碑中的两座
that Ramesses built across Egypt.
他的首都底比斯到处都是巨大的雕像
His capital Thebes is filled with vast statues
这彰显了他过分的自信
that embody his overblown self-belief.
看看这壮观的景象
Looking at all this grandeur,
很容易认定埃及人痴迷于规模
it's easy to assume that Egyptians were obsessed with scale,
但情况并非总是如此
but that wasn't always the case.
比如这个…
Now this...
它叫做沙伯提（俑）
is called a shabti.
这是迷你木乃伊，葬礼上的小雕像
It's a mini mummy, a funerary figurine
曾经被放在坟墓里
that was once placed in a tomb,
沙伯提被大量制♥造♥出来
and shabtis were mass-produced.
你可以说它们是历史上第一批大规模生产的艺术品
You could say they were the first mass-produced works of art in history,
通常就像这一个
and often like this one,
它们看起来有点粗糙，相当粗糙
they appear just a little bit rudimentary, quite rough and ready,
但它们在埃及的宗教信仰中扮演了重要的角色
but they played an essential role in Egyptian religious beliefs.
人们真诚地相信沙伯提被赋予了神奇的力量…
People genuinely believed that shabtis were imbued with magical powers...
沙伯提才是我的第二宝贝
and it's the shabtis that are my second treasure.
沙伯提就是来世的仆人
Shabtis were servants in the afterlife,
帮助墓主做些日常杂务
who would help the owner of the tomb with daily chores.
这些都是彩陶做的吗？
So these are all made out of faience?
源自釉砂，就像是一种玻璃陶瓷材料
Out of Faience, which is this kind of like a glassy ceramic material.
这里有普通的仆人和监工
Here you have the normal servants and then the overseers.
它们穿着像这样的短裙，是组织者
They have, like, these kind of skirts, the organizers.
再看看这里的
So let's see some here.
我给你们找一个样品
I give you an example of one of them,
它相当地漂亮，来自于王朝晚期
which is quite nice, from the late dynasty,
我估计有2400年之久
so I would say 2,400 years old.
颜色很漂亮
The color is just beautiful.
- 是的，这是… - 方式改变了
- Yes, this is-- - The way it changes.
对，他们掌握了这些化学物质和矿物质的使用方法
Yeah. They mastered the use of, like, all these chemicals and the minerals.
基本上是把粘土材料塞进像这个样子的模具里吗？
And the material is essentially clay stuffed into a mold like this?
- 没有任何粘土 - 一点都没有吗？
- No clay whatsoever. - No clay at all?
- 没有，就是纯的沙子 - 是吗？
- Whatsoever, it's pure sand. - Is it?
- 没错 - 就只是沙吗？
- Absolutely. - It's just the desert?
就是沙，压碎的沙子加一些碱
Just the desert. Crushed sand with addition of some alkali
就像熔剂一样把沙子融化
that acts as a flux to melt the sand
然后形成这个玻璃层
and form this glassy layer.
我喜欢简单的材料
I love the fact the material is so simple
- 而且就来自于古埃及的世界 - 没错
- and just comes from the world of ancient Egypt. - Absolutely.
这是魔法，而且在古埃及釉砂的名字叫“tjehnet”
It's magical. I mean, the name of faience in ancient Egypt is "tjehnet"
意思是耀眼的，闪闪发光的
which is mean the dazzling, the sparkling,
复♥制♥半宝石的概念
and the idea was to replicate semi-precious stones.
他们想要从阿富汗远道而来的绿松石青金石
They wanted turquoise lapis lazuli all the way from Afghanistan,
所以它比黄金还要贵
so it was more expensive than gold,
然后突然就这样，就像
and then all of a sudden by this kind of, like,
神奇的炼金术，就可以把沙子
you know, magical alchemy, they could turn the sand,
随处可见的沙子
which is available everywhere,
变成了这种神奇的珍贵的材料
into this magical precious material.
这里有个刺猬，是一个小刺猬
Here we have a hedgehog. It's a baby hedgehog,
还有很多有趣的事情
and lots of fascinating things about that.
这就像拨浪鼓，如果你摇动它…
This is like a rattle, so if you shake it--
里面有一些小粘土球
so inside there's little balls of clay
可以哄小孩开心
to entertain a little child.
这是我见过最可爱的事了
That's the sweetest thing I've ever seen.
对
Yeah.
但这是否意味着，这是为了放进某个婴儿的坟墓呢？
But does that mean that this was made to go in the tomb of a baby?
可能吧，但也会有点悲伤
Possibly, but then in a way sadness, you know,
这和一个小孩子有关
is this associated with a little child,
喜欢的玩具，或是类似的东西
a favorite toy, or something like that.
实际上这是一件很有影响的事，对吗？
Actually that's quite an effecting thing, isn't it?
- 是的 - 看看那张小脸
- Yes. - To look at that little face.
我觉得真的很漂亮
I think that's really beautiful.
你认为古埃及人会把它们当成艺术品吗
Do you think that ancient Egyptians considered them as works of art,
或者他们只是有实际的宗教功能呢？
or did they just maybe have sort of practical religious function.
都有，看看这些来自王朝晚期的样品
Both. I mean, look at these examples from the late dynasty.
看看这里的细节，这就是艺术品
Look at the details here. This is a work of art.
这让你意识到为什么人们会相信神灵和来世
It makes you realize why people could believe in gods and the afterlife
因为如果有那么神奇的事情发生，把沙子变成那样
because if something so magical could happen turning sand into that,
那为什么人不能长生不老呢？
then why couldn't people live forever?
他们以某种方式活着
In a way, they lived.
你知道，这些都是四千年前的文物
You know, these are 4,000-years-old objects
并且打动了我们，就像当时埃及人对他们的印象一样
and impress us the same way they would impress the Egyptians at the time.
扎赫德也是一位艺术家
Zahed is also an artist,
他用现代的手法创造了自己的沙伯提
who creates his own shabtis with a modern twist,
使用与古埃及人相同的巧妙配方
using the same ingenious recipe as the ancient Egyptians.
所以混合物中有90%的二氧化硅
So what goes in our mixture is 90% silica,
它来自沙子
which comes from the sand,
然后加入磨碎的泡碱盐
and then we add the crushed fine natron salt.
这是熔合剂
That's my flux,
我们从化学反应中发现的
and what we found out from the chemistry,
他们加入一点石灰石，碾碎的石灰石
they add a bit of limestone, crushed limestone.
好，这就像是艺术界的“英国烘焙大赛”
OK. This is like the arts "Great British Bake Off."
通常是要做成蓝色
Here we are. Normally is the color blue,
来自氧化铜，纯铜的氧化物
comes from the copper oxide, pure copper oxide.
- 我需要把它放进去吗？ - 没错，放吧
- Shall I put this in? - Absolutely, yeah, go ahead.
我们先好好搅拌一下
So we'll give it a good mix to start
然后加些水让它变成糊状
and then add some water to make it into a paste like.
好，都混进去
OK. Mix this all in.
把它们都混一起
We'll mix it all in.
你需要再搅拌，好
You need to mix a bit more. Good.
好，我看得出你很想自己来搅拌
OK. I can see you itching to do some mixing.
嗯，你得让水充分浸润
Yeah. You need to get the water everywhere.
很好，所有这些都混合成一个大球吗？
That's quite good. Does it all come together in a big ball?
这样就算是混匀了
This is as good as it gets.
挤压并填满所有的空间
Pushing, pushing into all the details.
它的秘密原料是泡碱盐
The secret ingredient is natron salt,
这种小苏打可以渗出到表面上
the type of baking soda that rises to the surface
并降低了沙子融化的温度
and lowers the temperature at which the sand melts
最后变成玻璃
and becomes glass.
成形了
Here he is.
- 做好了 - 我们的小外星人
- Here we are. - Our little alien.
下一步是让这个小外星人站一天
The next stage is to leave the little alien standing for a day
让神奇的化学反应发生
to allow a magical chemical reaction to occur.
然后把它拿出来，开始风干
When we get it out and start drying,
你可以看到盐在所有表面生成
you see all the salt growing on the surface.
好奇怪，它就像是生锈了
How odd. It's like it's rusted.
你放置得越长
The longer you leave it,
更多的空气，更多的荧光
the more flow of air, the more fluorescence,
那你就要放更多更多的盐
and then you have more salt and more salt on.
盐就是泡碱，它与沙子融合
The salt is the natron. That fuses with the sand.
它与沙子融合
It fuses with the sand.
在较低的温度下熔化
And melts at a lower temperature.
- 转化成玻璃 - 变成玻璃
- Turns into glass. - It turns into glass.
那这一个，已经风干多长时间了？
So this one, has been drying for how long?
- 那有一天了 - 风干24小时吗？
- That's one day. - That's 24 hours of drying?
- 风干24小时 - 然后它变得毛茸茸的
- 24 hours of drying. - And it becomes furry.
那就是可以烧制了
And that's ready to be fired.
- 把它放进去吗？ - 是的，放吧
- Can I put him in? - Yes, go ahead,
它可以站立着
and he will stand.
它全是白色，但是等你把它放进炉子…
It's completely white, but when you put it in the kiln--
因为玻璃的特性
Because of the property of the glass,
白色的盐层
that white salty layer
会呈现出蓝色
will show the color blue.
是光学原理
It's an optical thing.
需要多长时间才能做到？
How long does it take to do that?
大约6个小时 900℃
About 6 hours. 900.
- 我可以吗？ - 开始吧
- Shall I do it? - Just start.
6个小时后
6 hours later,
扎赫德的新雕像
Zahed's newborn figurine