了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S11E05

Part 16 April 10, 2023, 10:20 a.m.

throws us a lifeline.
随着太阳向外膨胀，进入红巨星阶段
As the Sun expands outward, as
it enters its red giant phase,
它的质量会逐渐减少
it's actually going to be
losing mass.
红巨星释放出气体
The red giant blows off gas.
当它失去质量时，它的引力也在减弱
And as it loses mass,
its gravity is weakening.
奥卢塞伊:所以这意味着
OLUSEYI: So this means that
the Sun's grip on
太阳对围绕它运行的行星的控制将会减弱
the planets that orbit it
is gonna be weakening.
于是它们开始远离太阳
And so they sort of start
moving away from the Sun.
于是它们开始远离太阳
And so they sort of start
moving away from the Sun.
就好像它们在躲避高温
It's almost like they're
running away from the heat.
如果你受不了热，那就远离太阳系吧
If you can't stand the heat,
get out of the solar system.
地球和火星能跑得过扩张中的红巨星吗？
ROWE: Can Earth and Mars outrun
the expanding red giant?
所以这是一场比赛，对吧？谁能够离太阳
So it's a race, right?
Who is going to get
足够远而不被它吞没呢？
far enough from the Sun to
escape being engulfed by it?
明加雷利:地球的最终命运还不清楚
MINGARELLI: The eventual fate
of the Earth is not clear.
地球有可能被太阳的大气层
It's possible that the Earth
will be completely swallowed up
完全吞噬
by the Sun's atmosphere,
完全吞噬
by the Sun's atmosphere,
这是一种新的、膨胀的红色大气层
its new, bloated,
red atmosphere.
地球即使没有被太阳
Even if the Earth escapes
being directly
直接吞没
engulfed by the Sun,
对我们的星球来说也不是什么好日子
it's still not a good day for
our planet, because the Sun is
因为太阳离我们非常非常近
gonna be really,
really close.
普莱特:想象一下，有一种炽热的、发光的东西
PLAIT: So imagine basically
something red-hot, glowing,
覆盖了天空
covering the sky.
地球会被熔化，事实上
The earth will be molten,
and in fact, a lot of it
很多东西会蒸发
will vaporize.
反正你也不会想待在这里的
So it's not like you're gonna
want to be here anyway.
反正你也不会想待在这里的
So it's not like you're gonna
want to be here anyway.
奥卢塞伊:当我想到这个场景时
OLUSEYI:
As I look at this scenario,
很明显，生命不会在地球上生存
what's clear is that life
isn't gonna make it on Earth.
火星领先一步，逃过了彻底的毁灭
ROWE: Mars had a head start and
escapes complete destruction.
它会被炙烤，我的意思是，它会成为一个熔化的星球
It'll be cooked, I mean,
it'll be a molten planet,
但它仍然在那里
but it'll still be there.
衰老的老大消灭了太阳系内部的生命
The aging Don
wipes out life in
但可能有助于它在其他地方生存
the inner solar system but may
help it survive elsewhere.
但可能有助于它在其他地方生存
the inner solar system but may
help it survive elsewhere.
太阳的红巨星阶段
The sun's red giant phase
may initially bring
最初可能会给外太阳系的生命带来新的机会
new opportunities for life in
the outer solar system.
萨特:现在，外太阳系被锁在冰中
SUTTER: Right now, the outer
solar system is locked in ice,
太冷了
it's way too cold,
但当我们的太阳变成红巨星时
but when our sun becomes a red
giant, it will become much,
它会变得明亮得多
much brighter.
它会使外太阳系升温
It will warm up
the outer system.
并改变这颗气体巨星冰冷的卫星
ROWE: And transform the gas
giant's icy moons.
并改变这颗气体巨星冰冷的卫星
ROWE: And transform the gas
giant's icy moons.
分别围绕木星和土星运行的
Europa and Enceladus,
that orbit Jupiter
木卫二和土卫二目前都是冰冻星球
and Saturn respectively, are
currently frozen worlds.
它们有冰冷的外壳
They have icy crusts
and are believed
据信在这些外壳下面有液体海洋
to have liquid oceans
below those crusts.
科学家们认为，这些地下海洋
ROWE: Scientists believe
that these subsurface oceans
可能孕育着生命
may harbor life.
随着温度的升高
As the temperature increases,
它们冰冻的外表会融化
their frozen exteriors are
gonna be thawed,
它们冰冻的外表会融化
their frozen exteriors are
gonna be thawed,
它们会完全变成海洋世界
and they'll become
entirely ocean worlds.
克里斯蒂安森:任何已经在他们的海洋中进化的生命形式
CHRISTIANSEN: Any life forms
already evolving in their oceans
都将有一个全新的可能性世界向他们敞开
will have a whole new world of
possibility open to them.
或者，如果那里还没有生命
Or if life isn't there yet,
那么它肯定有机会进化
then it would certainly have
a chance to evolve.
我们可能会在太阳系外的
We may have explosions of life
其他天体上发现生命爆♥炸♥
on these other outer
solar system bodies.
但这种新生命的爆发可能是短暂的
ROWE: But this burst of
new life may be short-lived.
但这种新生命的爆发可能是短暂的
ROWE: But this burst of
new life may be short-lived.
即使这些海洋世界看起来
Even though these ocean worlds
may seem like a great
是太阳系内部被吞没后的一个好地方
place to move to after
the inner solar system
我也不会开始收拾行李
is engulfed,
I would not start packing yet.
这颗红巨星的体积将增长到目前的250倍以上
ROWE: The red giant will grow to
over 250 times its current size.
随着太阳的不断膨胀
As the Sun continues
to expand,
这些新的海洋世界会变得越来越热
these new ocean worlds
will start getting hotter
所有的水都会越来越热，最终所有的水
and hotter, and eventually,
all of the water will
所有的水都会越来越热，最终所有的水
and hotter, and eventually,
all of the water will
都会蒸发掉
evaporate away.
任何新的生命都会消亡
ROWE:
Any new life dies out,
但在太阳系最远的地方
but bodies
in the furthest reaches
生命的情况要好一些
of the solar system
fare better.
普莱特:在太阳变成红巨星的过程中
PLAIT: The key to surviving
the Sun turning
幸存下来的关键基本上是距离
into a red giant is
basically distance.
所以你现在离太阳越远
So the farther out
you are from the Sun now,
那时候你的状况就越好
the better off you
are then.
最好的地方可能是遥远的矮行星
ROWE: The best bet might be
the distant dwarf planets,
最好的地方可能是遥远的矮行星
ROWE: The best bet might be
the distant dwarf planets,
比如冥王星
like Pluto.
所以现在我们有了这些天体
So now we have these objects
that might actually
它们可能成为太阳系中最像地球的天体
become the most Earth-like
bodies in the solar system.
这些可能是我们的救生艇
These may be our lifeboats.
普莱特:我的意思是，它们不会有可呼吸的大气
PLAIT: I mean, they won't have
breathable atmospheres,
也不会是适合居住的地方
and it's not like they're gonna
be great places to live,
但是，你懂的，到那时
but, you know, the Earth is
gonna be basically toast at
地球基本上会被烤焦，所以，你还有什么选择呢？
that point, so, you know,
what choice do you have?
人类可能会把温暖的外层天体作为通往新家的
ROWE: Humanity may use the warm
outer bodies as stepping stones
人类可能会把温暖的外层天体作为通往新家的
ROWE: Humanity may use the warm
outer bodies as stepping stones
垫脚石
to a new home,