了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S11E03

Part 3 April 10, 2023, 10:20 a.m.

LIGO, picks up
恒星质量黑洞合并的
the distinctive signal of
a stellar mass
独特信♥号♥♥
black hole merger.
我们看到的是一个质量是我们太阳质量85倍的黑洞
What we saw was a black hole
of 85 times the mass of our sun,
和另一个质量是我们太阳质量66倍的黑洞
and another black hole of
66 times the mass of our sun,
相互碰撞，形成了一个合并的黑洞
smashing together to create
a combined black hole.
明加雷利:作为一个研究黑洞合并的人
MINGARELLI: As someone who
studies black hole mergers,
这是一个非常令人兴奋的事件
this was a really
exciting event.
我们讨论的是
We're talking about
迄今为止我们所见过的
the largest, the heaviest,
the most massive
最强大，最巨大，质量最大的
the largest, the heaviest,
the most massive
黑洞碰撞
black holes we have seen
collide to date.
这可能是仪器探测到的最大的
ROWE: It may be
the largest detection,
但在宇宙尺度上
but on a universal scale,
它仍然是一个小角色——就像轻量级拳击手一样
it's still a small fry --
like lightweight boxers,
两个黑洞相互环绕
the two black holes
circle each other
并发射低能引力波
and emit low energy
gravitational waves.
这种能量损失导致黑洞
This energy loss causes
the black holes
旋转在一起
to spiral in together.
最后，它们在宇宙粉碎事件中碰撞
Finally, they collide in
a cosmos-shattering event,
形成一个新黑洞
forming a single black hole
并释放出巨大的引力波爆♥炸♥
and releasing a huge blast
of gravitational waves.
但是，当天文学家检查这个合并的黑洞时
But when astronomers examine
the single merged black hole,
有些事情没有解释清楚
something doesn't add up.
庞岑:如果你把两个黑洞的质量加起来
PONTZEN: If you take
the combined mass of
你会得到我们太阳质量的
the two black holes,
you get to 150 times
150倍
the mass of our sun.
但实际上，剩下的黑洞质量
But actually, the black hole
that's left only has
只有太阳质量的142倍
a mass of 142 times
the mass of our sun.
只有太阳质量的142倍
a mass of 142 times
the mass of our sun.
所以事件发生前的质量
So the mass you have
before the event does
不等于事件发生后的质量
not equal the mass you have
after the event.
那缺失的8个太阳质量呢？
What happened to that missing
eight solar masses?
这些黑洞并合的方式大约是
The way these black hole mergers
work is very roughly 5 percent
把系统总质量的5%被转化为
of the total mass of
the system gets converted
能量
into energy.
这都归结为 E = MC平方
ROWE: It all comes down to
E equals MC squared.
这就是爱因斯坦告诉我们的漂亮方程
This is that beautiful
equation that Einstein
E = MC平方
told us --
E equals MC squared.
E是能量，M是质量
E is the energy,
and M is the mass.
E是能量，M是质量
E is the energy,
and M is the mass.
爱因斯坦告诉我们，质量和能量是相关的
Einstein taught us that mass
and energy are related.
事实上，很多我们所说的质量实际上是能量
In fact, much of what we call
mass is actually energy.
在这种情况下剧烈的碰撞
ROWE: In this case,
the violence of the collision
将18000万亿亿吨♥的物质
transforms 18,000 trillion
trillion tons
转化为引力波的爆♥炸♥
of matter into an explosion
of gravitational waves.
萨特:在不到一秒的时间里
SUTTER: In just
a fraction of a second,
相当于8个太阳的物质被转化为
eight suns worth of matter is
converted into pure
相当于8个太阳的物质被转化为
eight suns worth of matter is
converted into pure
纯粹的能量
unadulterated energy.
释放的能量是非常巨大
The amount of energy released
was so great, that if you add
如果你把宇宙中所有恒星燃烧的能量
up all the energy of all
the stars burning in
加起来
the universe,
它比这还要大
it was bigger than that.
这一事件是相对较轻的
ROWE: This event was a collision
between relative lightweights,
两个恒星质量黑洞之间的碰撞
two stellar mass black holes.
为了理解重量级爆发
To understand
heavyweight bouts,
我们需要扩大到超大质量黑洞
we need to scale up to
supermassive black holes.
我们需要扩大到超大质量黑洞
we need to scale up to
supermassive black holes.
在宇宙体育比赛中
In the universe of sports,
超大质量黑洞是重量级的竞争者
supermassive black holes are
the heavyweight contenders.
对于这些大黑洞来说，大小很重要
With these big black holes,
size matters.
越大越好
The bigger the better.
更大的质量，意味着更多的能量
More mass means
more energy,
也意味着更大的破坏力
which means more
destructive power.
我们不需要找太远就能找到
ROWE: We don't need to look
too far to find
这块毁灭性的“肌肉”
this devastating muscle.
这是M87星
This is M87 star,
是我们宇宙邮政编码中
one of the largest
supermassive black holes
最大的超大质量黑洞之一
in our cosmic zip code.
最大的超大质量黑洞之一
in our cosmic zip code.
M87星很大
M87 star is huge.
它的质量大约是60亿个太阳质量
It weighs about six billion
solar masses,
这60亿个太阳的尺寸
about six billion suns,
和我们的太阳系一样大
and it's the size
of our solar system.
两个60亿个太阳质量的
ROWE: A collision between two
6-billion solar mass
超大质量黑洞碰撞
supermassive black holes would
release around five
将释放大约5乘以10的56次方焦耳
times 10 to the power of
56 joules.
这在现实世界中意味着什么呢？
So what's that mean
in real world terms?
很难用语言来表达这是多少能量
It's hard to use words to
express how much energy this is,
而且数字太大了，几乎毫无意义
and the numbers are so huge,
they are almost meaningless.
而且数字太大了，几乎毫无意义
and the numbers are so huge,
they are almost meaningless.
我唯一能解释的就是……
The only way I can really
explain this is...
[夸张的尖叫]
[exaggerated scream]
在物理学中，我们有这些比较
In physics,
we have these comparisons
所以我们可以得到一个心理图像
so we can get a mental picture,
但对于这样的东西，没有心理图像
but for something like this,
there is no mental picture.
爆表了
That is so freaking big.
那么这些破坏性的
ROWE: So where does
this destructive
质量和能量从何而来呢？
mass and energy come from?
从最简单的成分开始——
It starts with
the simplest ingredient --
从最简单的成分开始——
It starts with
the simplest ingredient --
氢
hydrogen.
氢是宇宙的基本组成部分
Hydrogen is the basic
building block of the universe.
每个原子都很小但却含有大量的能量
Each atom is tiny, but it
contains a lot of energy.
氢原子含有大量的能量
Hydrogen atoms contain a huge