了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S11E05

Part 11 April 10, 2023, 10:20 a.m.

bowling pins left and right.
塞勒:混乱随之而来
THALLER:
Chaos ensues,
当这两颗外行星推动所有
and as the two outer
planets get pushed through
这些东西时
all of this stuff,
它们会向左、向右和向中心抛出去
throwing things left,
right, and center, all kinds of
各种碰撞是不可避免的
collisions are inevitable.
其中一次碰撞将天王星撞倒
ROWE: One of these collisions
knocks Uranus over.
另一颗小行星飞向海王星
Another small planet
heads towards Neptune.
冰巨人抓住了它，成为了卫星，海卫一
The ice giant grabs it,
creating the moon, Triton.
其他穿越海王星的天体
The other
trans-Neptunian objects
向外分散，形成了柯伊伯带
scatter outwards,
forming the Kuiper belt.
这场行星保龄球比赛的震动传播得
Tremors from this planetary
bowling match spread far
很远很远
and wide,
在数十亿英里外的太阳系内部
sparking a cataclysmic
onslaught of the inner
引发了灾难性的冲击
solar system billions
of miles away.
塞勒:柯伊伯带
THALLER: The Kuiper belt --
是太阳系外非常非常遥远的
this very, very distant
collection of small,
是太阳系外非常非常遥远的
this very, very distant
collection of small,
小岩石天体集♥合♥
rocky bodies in the outer
solar system --
你可能会认为我们与它们没有任何联♥系♥
you would think that we have
no connection to that at all.
但相反，它可能是帮助地球上
But instead, it may be
responsible for helping life
生命开始的原因
get started on Earth.
46亿年前，一团气体云
ROWE:
4.6 billion years ago,
在银河系一个安静的郊区坍塌
a cloud of gas collapses in
a quiet suburb of the Milky Way.
这是我们太阳系黑帮家族的诞生
It's the birth of our mobster
family solar system.
教父，太阳，点燃并控制了一切
The Godfather, the Sun,
ignites and takes control.
他的孩子，行星，是从恒星诞生时
His children, the planets,
grow from the disk of gas
留下的气体和尘埃形成的圆盘中生长出来的
and dust left over from
the birth of the star.
留下的气体和尘埃形成的圆盘中生长出来的
and dust left over from
the birth of the star.
气体行星形成于寒冷的远郊
Gas planets form in
the cold outer suburbs,
岩石行星形成于温暖的内部
rocky ones in the warm
inner real estate.
但太阳可怕的本性
But the Sun's
fearsome nature
威胁着年轻的地球
threatens the young Earth.
早期的地球，刚形成不久
The early Earth,
right after its formation,
并不是一个适合生命的好地方
was not a great place to
be alive.
事实上，它不可能存活
In fact, it would not have
been possible
因为它太热了
to be alive,
because it was so hot.
而还没有大气层因为被吹走了
It had no atmosphere.
It had been blown away.
它甚至不是完全固态的，也没有水可言
It wasn't even fully solid, and
it had no water to speak of.
它甚至不是完全固态的，也没有水可言
It wasn't even fully solid, and
it had no water to speak of.
地球离太阳太近了
The Earth is too close
to the Sun to have
我们今天看到的水是不可能形成的
formed with the amount of
water that we see today.
原行星盘太热了，水无法
The protoplanetary disk was
just too hot for water
凝结
to condense,
水蒸气会被恒星风吹走——
and water vapor would have
been blown away by
出于同样的原因
the stellar wind --
for the same reason,
它也缺乏碳和挥发性有机物质
it was also lacking in carbon
and volatile organic materials.
杜尔达:这引发了一个大谜团——我们现在
DURDA: This raises a big
mystery -- where did all that
在地球上所有丰富的物质
material ultimately
come from
究竟是从哪里来？
that we now obviously have
in abundance on planet Earth?
究竟是从哪里来？
that we now obviously have
in abundance on planet Earth?
美国宇航局针对矮行星谷神星的黎明号♥任务
ROWE: NASA's Dawn mission to
the dwarf planet, Ceres,
提供了线索
provided a clue.
谷神星位于小行星带
Ceres sits
in the asteroid belt,
这是木星攻击内行星时留下的
a band of rocky debris left
over from Jupiter's attack on
岩石碎片
the inner planets.
黎明号♥任务向我们展示了
The Dawn mission
showed us that
谷神星实际上是一个非常潮湿的世界
Ceres is actually
a really wet world.
我们以为谷神星只是岩石
We thought it was just rock,
但相反，谷神星富含水、氨和碳
but instead, Ceres is rich in
water, ammonia, and carbon.
但相反，谷神星富含水、氨和碳
but instead, Ceres is rich in
water, ammonia, and carbon.
这些化学物质是生命所必需的
ROWE: These chemicals
are essential for life.
对其他小行星的分♥析♥发现
Analysis of other asteroids
有大量这种挥发性物质
found lots of
this volatile material.
这很令人惊讶，因为这么近的距离
This is surprising,
because this close in,
太阳应该已经把它们蒸发了
the Sun should have
vaporized them.
它们不可能在小行星带形成
They could not have formed in
the asteroid belt, because
因为温度对那些物质来说太高了——
temperatures were way too high
for those materials --
温度对那些物质来说太高了——
temperatures were way too high
for those materials --
水、氨——无法凝结
water, ammonia --
to be able to condense.
它们一定是在太阳系外形成的
They must have formed in
the outer solar system and then
然后被运送到太阳系内
been transported
to the inner solar system.
2019年的一项研究发现大约44.8亿年前
ROWE: A 2019 study discovered
evidence of a storm of
有一场向内太阳系的冰封天体的暴风雨的证据
icy objects raining inwards
around 4.48 billion years ago.
与此同时
At the same time,
the giant gas
巨大的气体行星正在撕裂太阳系外部
planets were tearing
through the outer solar system.
当木星和土星，天王星和海王星
As Jupiter and Saturn,
Uranus and Neptune,
当木星和土星，天王星和海王星
As Jupiter and Saturn,
Uranus and Neptune,
在太阳系中向外迁移时
are migrating back outwards in
the solar system,
他们挖掘了大量冰冷的星子
they're excavating a whole
slew of icy planetesimals,
就像扫雪机冲破雪堆一样
like a like a snowplow bursting
through a snowdrift,
把这些东西散布在太阳系各处
scattering these things all
through the solar system.
外行星向它们的太阳
The outer planets
hurl millions of
抛出了数百万个冰冷的天体
icy objects in towards
their Don, the Sun.
有一些，比如谷神星，停留在小行星带
Some, like Ceres,
stop in the asteroid belt.
其他一些继续撞击内行星
Others continue and smash
into the inner planets,
包括地球
including Earth.
巨大的小行星，彗星像雨点一样向我们地球落下
We are being rained down on by
giant asteroids, comets.
整个地球表面再次融化
The entire surface of
the Earth is molten again.
我的意思是，这是你能想象到的
I mean, it is a rain of
the largest
那些大的天体像雨点一样落在地球表面
objects you can imagine onto
the surface of the Earth.
一切都被彻底