人类大历史（2013）

Big History S01E03

Part 2 March 29, 2021, 2:01 p.m.

Gold may seem rare...
但地球上却蕴藏着许多不为人知的金矿
but Earth holds a secret supply.
这些量不仅能完全满足每个人的需求
There's not only enough for everyone...
并且它们还多的无处堆放
there's enough to drown the planet.
大历史用科学的视角来研究历史
Big history uses science to change the way we see history.
它揭示了为什么黄金会发光
It reveals why gold shines...
为什么古人视之甚惜
why the ancient world valued it...
以及全球的淘金热间的有什么联♥系♥的答案
and what connects all the gold rushes across the planet.
大历史带领我们去破解更大的谜题
Which leads to a bigger mystery.
为什么这稀有之宝在某些地方出现
Why is this rare treasure found in some places
而不是别的地方
but not others?
大历史向我们表明如果不了解
Big history shows us that without understanding...
这种特殊金属的历史
the origins of this extraordinary metal...
黄金的利用就没有任何的可能性
none of the uses of gold would have been possible.
没有任何一个人类历史会对其产生重视
None of human history would have made sense...
除非我们使其留在这更大的环境中
unless we embed it in this much larger context...
从行星太阳系我们的星球的角度
of the planet, the solar system, our galaxy-
确切的说是整个宇宙
indeed, the entire cosmos.
因其稀有黄金在某种程度上来说很具有价值
Gold is valuable in part because it's rare.
但是还有更多值得我们去思考的地方
But there's a lot more than we think.
大历史带我们回到四十六亿年前
Big history takes us back 4.6 billion years.
重力将空间碎片组合成我们的家园
Gravity is pulling together space debris to form our home.
早期的地球遍布熔岩
Early Earth was molten...
最重的金属沉入地心
and most of the heavy metals sank to the core.
那儿有足够多的黄金
There's enough gold...
足可覆盖地球表面
that you could cover Earth's surface
达十二三英尺
to a thickness of 12 or 13 feet.
但是那里有个不可打开的拱顶
But that's a vault that can't be opened.
因而我们无法到达地心深处
We can't go down to the core of the Earth.
我们的地球就是诺克斯堡的旗舰版
Our planet is the ultimate version of Fort Knox...
用1800英尺的岩石保护着着它的黄金储备
guarding its gold supply under 1,800 miles of rock.
但是新的满载的黄金正在路上朝我们走来
But a new shipment of gold is on the way...
伴着流星坠入地壳
carried in meteors that drive into Earth's crust.
大量的降雨渗入地下
As endless rains seep underground...
高温使水变成了蒸汽
great heat boils the water to steam...
冒起的气泡使流星带来的黄金更加贴近地表
bubbling the gold from the meteors up closer to the surface.
当地球冷却
Earth cools.
黄金变硬形成为有纹理的矿石
The gold hardens to form veins and ore.
数百万年来
For millions of years...
这些宝藏都深藏于海底
all this treasure ls hidden under a global sea.
在地球的历史早期我们的星球被水覆盖
Early on in Earth history, our planet was covered with water.
这是一个真正的海洋世界
It really was a water world.
但事物将要再一次进行转变
But once again, things are about to change.
在一段时间里地球板块论
Over time, plate tectonics-
板块构造论的出现开始构建出大洲的模型
the presence of plate tectonics began to build continents.
大♥陆♥块出现了
Land masses emerge...
抬高了地层里的金矿
lifting the Earth's stash of gold...
开启了又一段狂野之旅
taking it on another wild ride.
大部分将隐藏在海床底下
Most will remain hidden beneath the sea ﬂoor.
但随着造山运动
But as mountains rise,
这些财富会让人类触手可得
they will bring the treasure within reach of men.
接着一块单一的不规则的大♥陆♥裂开
Then, what was once a single, sprawling land mass splits apart
水填满了空隙
Water fills the gaps.
大洲开始沿着板块构造移♥动♥
Continents begin to move through plate tectonics...
使得这种金属遍及全球
shifting this metal all over the planet-
有时出现于地表有时藏身于溪流
sometimes sitting on the surface, sometimes in streams...
甚至出现于地面上突出的细缝中
sometimes the edge of a seam just jutting up above ground.
于是有了黄金层
So gold surfaces,
但仅仅出现于地球上的某些地方
but only in some places on Earth...
等待着某一天被我们发现
ready to one day be found by us.
正如我们所见人类天生就爱寻找黄金
As we've seen, we're hardwired to seek gold.
但随着文明的发展
But as civilizations develop...
我们用不同的方式寻找金子
we seek gold in different ways.
古时世界杯分为了两派
There are two sides to the ancient world.
其中一派金子被用作货币
On one side of the planet, gold is used for money.
可是美洲文明里不包含硬币
But the civilizations of the Americas don't have coins.
因此黄金仅仅是被用作制♥造♥
There, gold is used only to create objects
用于神明崇拜和装饰美感的器具
of beauty and worship.
黄金是一种神圣的金属
Gold remains a divine metal,
被用于献给神灵或国王
reserved for gods and kings.
土著人对此难以自拔
Native people were totally fixated on it...
从制♥作♥出的各种物品可见一斑
in terms of what you could make with it.
都是些精致的物品但不是货币
It was really neat stuff, but it wasn't money.
在欧洲对于金光闪闪的渴望
In Europe, the thirst for shininess...
转变成了对金钱的狂热着迷
has turned into an all-out obsession with money.
正是这种对于黄金的欲望
And it is that lust for gold
驱使着欧洲人横越大西洋
that will drive Europeans across the Atlantic.
以大历史的角度来看
From the big historical perspective...
你所见到的
what you're looking at
是两种不同类型价值观的碰撞
is a collision of two types of value systems.
黄金的大历史
The big history of gold...
这颗星球我们自身
of the planet, of us...
也变得截然不同
will never be the same.
大历史将黄金的传奇
Big history has connected the story of gold...
联♥系♥到全球范围内的一场不可避免的冲突
to an inevitable collision on a global scale.
液态的黄金在早期地球上不断冒出
Molten gold bubbles up on early Earth...
就像是埋藏着的宝藏
deposited like a buried treasure
沉积在地球的表层
under the surface of the planet.
随着大♥陆♥的一分为二
The treasure moves with the continents
宝藏也随着大洲移♥动♥着
as the planet splits in two.
在大洲的一边金币被用于交易
On one side, gold coins are used for trade.
另一边黄金雕像用于崇拜
On the other, gold statues are used for worship.
美洲的伟大文明
These great civilizations in the Americas,
虽然令人印象深刻
as impressive as they were...
却无法登上文明发展的舞台
had not yet reached a stage in civilizational development...
而这需要货币制度来给大规模的交易提供便利
that required coinage to facilitate large-scale exchange.
黄金仅仅被用于创造神灵的形象
Gold is being used just to create these images of our gods...
象征性的精英形象
for its symbolic, elite imagery.
如今千百年后
Now, after thousands of years apart...
这两种文明开始相遇发生冲突
these two civilizations will meet and clash.
哥伦布开辟道路
Columbus leads the way.
千万人追随而至
Thousands follow.
一边视金如命
One side is gold hungry...
另一边坐拥着金山
the other gold rich.
对于财富的争夺将两片大♥陆♥联♥系♥了起来
The scramble for wealth connects both sides of the planet.
开弓再无回头箭
A threshold is crossed, and there's no going back.
美洲成为了西班牙征服者的前哨
The Americas become an outpost for the Spanish conquistadores.
这是世界上第一次真正的淘金热
It is the start of the first truly global gold rush.
西班牙人夺得的大部分黄金最初都是
Almost all the gold that the Spaniards got initially...
融化金像所得到的
came from melting down statues.
对于西班牙人来说
And to the Spaniards,
这些雕像一文不值
these statues were sort of ugly and worthless.
唯有当你把这新黄金打包装箱
Where there was worth is when you packed it down...
尽可能的装包运上船
into the smallest lump you possibly could
它们才会有价值
and put it in your ship.
因为它们可以铸成金币
'Cause then it could be melted down into coins.
如今很多地方
Today, many locations...
任然沿用着西班牙征服者起的名字
still bear names given during the Spanish conquest.
比如圣地亚哥
Like San Diego.
或者萨克拉门托这座城市离1848年
Or Sacramento, a city just miles away from where...
詹姆斯·马歇尔发现水中光点只有几英里远
in 1848, James Marshall seized those shiny bits in the water.
加利福尼亚发现的黄金
The discovery of gold in California...
使得淘金热的人们彻底癫狂了
absolutely caused men to go mad with the gold fever.
这又是一次全球性的大事件
Once again, the effects are global.
一旦你确定了加利福尼亚所有金矿场的位置
Once you've identified all the gold fields in California...
如果你是黄金勘探者你会怎么做
if you're a gold prospector, what do you do?
接着是澳大利亚非洲
Next is Australia and then Africa
西伯利亚育空
and then Siberia and then the Yukon.
加利福尼亚的淘金热
The California gold rush...
引发了全球的淘金热
triggers gold rushes throughout the world.
俄♥罗♥斯♥