人类大历史（2013）

Big History S01E14

Part 1 March 29, 2021, 2:04 p.m.

巨石阵怪圈
The strange circle at Stonehenge.
高耸的玛雅金字塔
A towering Mayan pyramid.
古埃及的方尖碑
The obelisks of ancient Egypt.
大量的石制纪念碑
Massive stone monuments...
藏匿着神秘的古老密♥码♥
the conceal a mysterious ancient code...
以太阳的伟大历史
linked by the big history...
紧紧相连
of the sun.
历史的发展可以看成一条时间线
We think of history as a timeline...
由一系列事件组成延伸到几千年前
a series of events stretching a few thousand years into the past.
是时候大胆想象下了
It's time to think bigger.
抛开时间轴想象一张永无穷尽相连的网络
Instead of a line, imagine a web of infinite connections...
在数亿年间都相互影响
interacting over billions of years...
共同创造出我们熟知的万物
linked together to create everything we've ever known-
我们的宇宙我们的星球
our universe, our planet...
还有我们自身
and us.
我们所知的历史将变得更加深邃
History as we know it is about to get big.
横跨古代世界
Across the ancient world...
大量的遗迹完美地成列崛起
massive monuments rise in perfect alignment...
在恰当的地方恰当的时间
so that in the right place, at the right moment...
人们可以察觉到同一个神祗
the people can behold a god-
太阳
the sun.
传统历史告诉我们
Traditional history tells us
太阳崇拜是一种古老的迷信
that sun worship is an ancient superstition...
但是大历史却揭示了神话背后的真♥相♥
but big history reveals there's truth behind the myths...
太阳是个造物主
that the sun is a creator...
是现实和时间的主人
a master of reality and time.
我们时间观的形成
The way we view time is shaped...
是因为我们生于这颗星球
by the fact that we grew up on this planet...
受到太阳的滋养
with this sun...
置身这个循环之中
with this cycle.
它向我们揭示了很多关于身体大脑
And it dictates so much about our bodies and our brains...
和社会组织的知识
and our social organization.
没有太阳的生活是不可想象的
You can't even imagine what life would be like without the sun.
夜必成日
Night always becomes day...
日必成年
and days become years.
太阳为地球的时间制定规则
The sun sets the rules of time on Earth-..
而若想生存则必须遵守
Rules we must follow to survive.
如果你的历法不与太阳同步
if your calendar is not in sync with the sun...
这样对农民很不利
it's disaster for your farmers.
他们不知道何时播种
They don't know properly when to plant.
何时收获
They don't know when to harvest.
如果没有正确的方法你就可能挨饿
If you don't get it right, you could starve.
我们地球上的遗迹并不仅仅是庙宇
Our early monuments aren't just temples...
它们是最早的日历
they're the first calendars.
大历史连接
Big history connects...
到了英格兰南部
to southern England.
夏季的第一天 [ 夏至 ]
On the first day of summer...
太阳越过巨石阵升起
the sun rises over Stonehenge...
直到它似乎停留在了在了最主要的那块石头上
until It seems to balance on one of the main stones...
标志着一年中最长的白昼
marking the longest day of the year.
而对墨西哥来说
And to Mexico...
当太阳越过奇琴伊察的玛雅遗迹落下时
when the sunset over the Mayan ruins at Chichén Itzé...
形成了中♥央♥大金字塔的蛇形影子
creates a serpent of shadows on the central pyramid...
标志着春季和秋季的第一天
to mark the first day of spring and fall.
对埃及来说
And to Egypt...
大量的方尖碑就是巨大的日晷
where massive obelisks are giant sundials...
标志着时间的流逝和四季的变迁
that mark the hours of the day and the passage of seasons.
十分清楚的是古代人
it's pretty clear that ancient peoples...
以一年为期追踪太阳的动向
tracked the motions of the sun over the course of the year...
然后他们的建筑在某种程度上来说
and built their structures to some degree...
与那些动向相合
to agree with those directions.
从遗迹到日历
From monuments to calendars...
我们创造了帮助我们理解太阳的工具
we create tools to help us make sense of the sun.
但是大历史告诉我们我们一直拥有着
But big history reveals we've always had the key...
可以解开太阳密♥码♥的钥匙
to crack the solar code...
它就藏在我们中间
hidden within us.
你不能控制自己的身体
You are not in control of your own body.
太阳才是控制者
The sun is your master.
几乎在你体内的每个细胞里
Inside nearly every one of your cells...
微小的蛋白质以24小时为循环在工作
tiny proteins run on a 24-hour cycle-
它们是依照太阳设定的时钟
a clock set to the sun...
告诉你的身体什么时候该做什么
that tells your body what to do and when to do it.
这些时钟控制着地球上的所有动物
These clocks control every animal on earth.
一开始他们进化成了单细胞生物
They first evolve in single-celled organisms...
来和太阳同步
that sync themselves up with the sun...
它们的理由与古人一样
for the same reason ancient humans do.
当你经受过可预测
When you have big changes in the environment...
环境的巨变时
and they're very predictable...
这激起了计时系统演变去遵循他们
this encourages the evolution of a timing system to follow them.
当你思考了在这个地球上规律的
When you think about this cycle of day to night...
日夜循环时
which occurs so regularly here on our planet...
你就会发现这是最戏剧化的规律变化
it's the most dramatic regular change, if you like...
所有阶段的生命体都要以不同的方式
that organisms at all levels had to cope with,
调整和处理
had to deal with... had to adjust to in different ways.
我们知道在最早细胞的进化过程中
So we see that during the evolution of the earliest cells...
这种改变是如此的重要
this change was recognized as being so significant...
所有的细胞都要经历这种进化
for all the activities that cells needed to undertake...
以至于它甚至被写入了
that it was encoded even from
最初的细胞活动
the very beginning of cellular activity...
中的DNA中
into the very D.N.A. of cells.
人类身体中有几万亿细胞
The human body has trillions of cells...
所以就有几万亿独♥立♥的钟表
so there are trillions of individual clocks...
和一个统治它们的主人
and one master clock that rules them all.
大脑中的一个小结构
A small structure in the brain...
控制了身体对应的计时系统
that controls the body's coordinated timing system...
生理节律
the circadian rhythm.
它独♥立♥于思考而运作
It works independently of our thoughts...
甚至可以在体外作用
and can even run outside of our bodies.
我们可以把动物的中枢生物钟取出
It's possible to take the central clock out of an animal,
放在一个盘子里
put it in a dish...
这些细胞也会根据时间继续工作几年
and these cells will keep track of time, keep running for years.
大历史的观点向我们
The big history perspective
展示了一个有意义深远的模式
reveals a profound pattern.
就像文明社会建造大型建筑一样
Just as civilizations build megastructures...
来追寻太阳的运动
to track the movement of the sun...
为了了解播种和收获的最佳时机
to know the best times to plant and harvest...
身体中的微观结构也在体内进行同样的工作
the body's microstructures do the same thing from the inside...
告诉我们何时工作何时进食何时睡觉
telling us when to work, to eat, to sleep.
生物周期节律在一天中调节我们的身体
Circadian rhythms fine-tune our bodies to the time of day...
日出前加速新陈代谢给我们提供能量
speeding up metabolism before sunrise to give us energy...
在夜晚通过降低血压和减慢脑活动
and preparing us for sleep at night by lowering blood pressure
为我们入睡做准备
and slowing down the activity in our brain.
这些系统对我们有着强有力的控制
The system has such powerful control over us...
它们即使在我们不受阳光照射时也继续工作
it works even when we're not exposed to sunlight.
被困地底数周的矿工
Miners trapped underground for weeks...
依旧按照24小时的循环睡觉和醒来
still wake and sleep on a 24-hour cycle.
人体和细胞的调节器
This is such a powerful regulator of o
是如此强大
ur body's physiology and cell biology
以至于人体细胞依旧会按照
that the individual cells will continue to follow
接近24小时的周期运作
a near 24-hour oscillation...
哪怕不受日光照射
even without any sunlight at all...
因为我们人体生物学的一部分
because it's part of our biology,
我们DNA的一部分
part of our D.N.A...
就是计时系统
is to have this timing system...
这样一切都被设计跟随太阳
where everything in our body is designed to follow the sun.
从我们的细胞
From our cells...
到我们的身体
to our bodies...
再到我们的文明
to our civilizations...
太阳造就了我们感知时间的方式
the sun shapes how we perceive time.
但大历史揭示了