人类大历史（2013）

Big History S01E11

Part 2 March 29, 2021, 2:03 p.m.

和遗失的象形文字记述了一段相同的信息
in Greek, Egyptian script and the lost language of hieroglyphics.
当19世纪法国考古学家发现其中的重复模式时
When 19th century French archaeologists find repeating patterns...
比如埃及国王托勒密的名字
like the name of the Egyptian King Ptolemy...
这个石碑成为解码象形文字的钥匙
the stone becomes the key to cracking the hieroglyphic code.
一百多年后
More than a hundred years later...
英国人发现了能帮助解开 ''谜团'' 密♥码♥的模块
the British find patterns that help to unravel the Enigma code-
这成了同盟国一项重要的优势
a critical advantage for the Allies.
它给了我们与敌人作战面对敌人的资本
It gave us an ability to combat, or to confront, the enemy...
无论敌人将出现在哪里
wherever the enemy was going to appear.
密♥码♥战都是一场猫鼠游戏
But a code war is a cat-and-mouse game.
纳粹孤注一掷
The Nazis up the ante...
把希望寄托在一款名叫洛伦茨的新型加密机器上
with a new encryption machine called the Lorenz.
它通过把文字转变为数字的方法来隐藏文字
It conceals words by turning them into numbers.
这是密♥码♥学的巅峰
It's the cutting edge of cryptography...
但它起源于一个古老的想法
but it runs on an ancient idea.
大历史将纳粹的超级密♥码♥
Big history links the Nazis' mega code...
与象征虚无的符号♥联♥系♥起来
with the symbol that means nothing.
在古代世界关于零的想法并不存在
In the ancient world, the idea of zero doesn't exist...
直到17世纪
until the seventh century-
当印度数学家发展出这一概念
when Indian mathematicians develop the concept...
虚无其实是一种存在
that “nothing” is actually “something.”
当你加上一个零它就是一个占位符
When you add the zero, that's a placeholder.
这可以理解为'10'就是一个'1'加上一个'0'
That understands that, “Hey, '10' is a 'one' and a 'zero.”'
这个占位符的存在允许我们进行更复杂的思考
Having that placeholder allows much more complex thought.
零引发了一场数学革命
Zero ignites a mathematical revolution...
而且成为了一个新符号♥语言的基础
and it' becomes the basis of a new symbolic language-
二进制代码
binary code.
二进制代码简单地说就是1和0
Binary code, to put it simply, is ones and zeros...
开和关是和否
off and on, yes and no.
这是1还是0呢
Is it one or is it zero?
二进制代码惊人的简单但又极其复杂
Binary code is both strikingly simple and infinitely complex.
仅仅两个符号♥的不同组合
Just two symbols in different combinations...
可以构造一个世界
can form a word...
一本书
a book...
或一条加密信息
or an encrypted message.
历史的车轮滚滚前行
Big history connects forward...
来到使用二进制代码这一古老思想的
to a new generation of top secret machines...
顶尖秘密机器建造的
that use the ancient idea of binary code-..
现代世界
To build the modern world.
二进制似乎比''谜团''机器更不可战胜
Binary seems even more invincible than Enigma...
它有着更多解法
with more possible solutions...
比一个解码员一辈子能解出的还要多
than a single code breaker could crack in a lifetime.
英国人需要更强大的运算能力
The British need more processing power...
因此他们建造了一个人工大脑
so they build an artificial brain.
它被称作巨像
It's called Colossus.
和需要破译的目标密♥码♥一样巨像也以二进制运行
Like the code it's designed to break, Colossus runs on binary.
无数个1和0控制着一系列开关
Ones and zeros control a series of on/off switches...
来告诉它做什么
that tell it what to do.
人脑通过寻找重复模块来破译密♥码♥
The human brain looks for repeating patterns to crack codes.
这台机器将这一能力放大到极大的规模
This machine amplifies that ability on a massive scale.
巨像会整理出
Colossus would sort through...
巨大的天文数量的备份
an enormous, astronomical number of alternatives...
并寻找解决的线索
and search for the clue that would lead to the key.
巨像让英国人像希♥特♥勒♥本人一样
Colossus lets the British know...
对德国♥军♥队的动向了如指掌
as much about German military movements as Hitler himself.
巨像在很多方面来说
The Colossus was, in many respects...
是世界上第一台电子计算机
the world's first computer.
发人深省的是
And in that very, very thought-provoking way...
二战创造了我们今天生活的世界
that Second World War produced the world in which we live today.
二进制是我们数字化生活的蓝图
Binary is the blueprint for our digital civilization.
现代社会基于代码运转
The modern age runs on codes.
它们隐藏在我们身边的每件事物中
They're hidden in everything around us...
地球上生命的秘密引擎
the secret engines of life on earth.
那么是否存在一个终极代码
So could there also be a master code...
维系整个宇宙的运转
that runs the universe?
大历史揭露
Big history reveals...
一个古老的代码
how an ancient code...
怎样谱写现代世界
programs the modern world.
但是当一个代码开始自我思考时会发生什么呢
But what happens when a code begins to think for itself?
大历史为我们放大
Big history zooms in...
病毒的微观世界
to the microscopic world of the virus.
该病毒被设计用来复♥制♥它本身
This virus is designed to replicate itself...
并不断地感染宿主
and perpetually infect its host.
这个病毒运行着同一种指令
This virus operates on the same kind of orders.
无论是生物上
Whether biological...
还是数字上
or digital...
一个病毒都基于含有破坏任务
a virus runs on a code...
的代码运行
with a mission of destruction.
大历史将微生物学
Big history connects microbiology...
与战争的新篇章联♥系♥起来
to a new age of warfare.
伊朗 2007年
Iran, 2007.
一种称为蠕虫的自我复♥制♥型计算机病毒
A self-replicating computer virus called a worm...
渗透进一所核设施
infiltrates a nuclear facility.
我们创造这种计算机对战来对抗敌人
We created this computer warfare against an enemy-
战争中没有人远航至海外
warfare in which no one travels overseas...
没有人射出一颗子弹或投下一个炸♥弹♥
no one fires a single bullet or drops a single bomb.
电子蠕虫是一种代码
The digital worm is a code...
用来使机器瘫痪
programmed to disable machines...
它会在不同电脑之间传输直到找到目标
by jumping from computer to computer until it finds its target.
人类创造出了似乎有自己生命的代码
Humans create codes that seem to have lives of their own...
所有生命中重复着的秘密代码
echoing the secret code within all of life.
大历史为我们揭示
Big history zooms in...
编写出我们自己的代码
to the code that programs us.
第一个形成的生物是非常小的微生物
The first creatures that emerged were very small microbes.
这些生物用DNA来储存信息
And those creatures used D.N.A. to store information.
就像二进制代码
Like binary code...
DNA基于简单的单元
D.N.A. starts simple.
仅仅四种化学物质
Just four chemicals...
但是他们组合形成数以百万计的复杂序列
but they combine in millions of complex sequences...
控制着地球上每个生命体的每个细胞
that govern every cell in every living thing on earth.
DNA螺旋是一种代码
D.N.A., helices-all of that is a type of code.
这是用少量信息创造更大量的信息
It's little bits of information to create a larger bit of information...
然后创造更加大量的信息
to create a larger bit of information.
这就像你有两个氢原子你有一个氧原子
It's like-You take two hydrogen atoms. You take an oxygen atom.
你就有了水
You have water.
你有很多水你就有了海
You take a bunch of water and you have a sea.
你有很多海你就有了大洋
You take a bunch of seas, you have oceans.
每件事物都有代码
Everything has a code.
你不能仅仅把那个代码看做使你的电脑运行的东西
You can't just think that a code is something in your computer that makes it run.
代码是生命
Code is life.
那么如果代码是这个星球上生命的隐形引擎
So if code is the hidden engine of life on this planet...
代码也可以维系宇宙吗
could a code also govern the universe?
一些科学家相信我们只不过是存在于
Some scientists believe that our reality could be nothing more...
电脑程序模拟出的世界中
than a computer program simulating the world around us.
你可能会感到相当疯狂的问题
Things that you would think were pretty crazy questions-
比如我们的宇宙是否真的
such as the question of could our universe actually be running...
只是电脑模拟出来的
as a simulation in a computer-
它们在如今听上去不像10或20年前那么疯狂
they don't sound as crazy today as they did 10 or 20 years ago...
因为我们自己就有能力做那种事
because of our ability to do that kind of thing ourselves.
DNA代码维系着我们的大脑
The code of D.N.A. runs our brains.
一个解码的奇迹让我们能破解符号♥的世界
A code-cracking marvel that' lets us decipher a world of symbols...
并用我们的方式建造机器
and build machines in our image...
来发现终极奥秘
to uncover the ultimate mystery-
统治一切的代码
a code that rules everything.
然而代码的故事才刚刚开始
But the story of codes is just the beginning.
在大历史中还隐藏有更大的谜团
There's a much bigger puzzle hidden in big history.
每集解开一个线索
Each episode unlocks a clue.
日常事物如银
Everyday things like silver...
太阳
the sun...
和水
and water...