人类大历史（2013）

Big History S01E09

Part 2 March 29, 2021, 2:02 p.m.

instead of allowing normal justice systems...
因为最近的县级法♥院♥也有几英里远
at some county courthouse miles away.
山脉将我们隔开限制着我们在星球上的活动
Mountains divide us and steer our movements around the planet.
但它们也有让我们为之献身的魅力
But they have another power that we're willing to kill and die for.
我们怎样看待这件事呢
How do we know?
那里存在着人类历史上最早谋杀之谜的证据
There are clues hidden in the oldest murder mystery on earth.
大历史揭露了山脉是如何影响人类的活动
Big history reveals how mountains steer the movements of man...
让人们产生不和
divide us into feuding clans...
甚至引发一场世界战争
even spark a world war.
但山里也有另一个秘密
But mountains have another secret that
与人类的故事相关
links them to the story of man.
大历史追溯到青铜时代
Big history connects back to the Bronze Age...
地球上最早的谋杀案之一
and one of the oldest-known murders on earth.
阿尔卑斯山上一个年轻人踏上生命的最后旅程
On Alps, a young man takes his final steps
死于射在背后的箭
brought down by an arrow in the back.
5300年后的1991年
5,300 years later, in 1991...
他冰冻的尸体因为融化的冰川而重见天日
his frozen body emerges from a melting glacier.
他被称为冰人奥兹
He is known as Otzi the Iceman.
冰人奥兹死在山中
Otzi the iceman died in the mountains,
但很明显他并不住在山里
but he clearly didn't live in the mountains.
他去那是有原因的
He was up there for a reason.
你必须假设他去那儿寻找什么东西
You have to figure he was looking for something.
科学家获得了两个饶有趣味的线索
Scientists recover two intriguing clues...
他斧头的利刃几乎全由纯铜制成
his ax blade, made almost entirely of pure copper...
头发里含有砒霜的残留物
and arsenic residue in his hair.
这两项证据表明
The evidence of the copper ax and the arsenic residue...
这个人很有可能
leads us to believe this man was
是某个铁匠
probably a metalworker of some kind...
这也是他去山里的原因
and that was why he was in the mountains.
他最有可能正在寻找金属矿石
And the most likely thing he was looking for was metal.
山脉就是矿石和金属的
Mountains are a treasure trove...
天然宝库人们总是能得到需要的东西
Of the minerals and metals that people have always needed.
燧石可以生火
Flint for fire.
铜和锡造就了青铜时代的刀剑
Copper and tin for Bronze Age swords.
钢铁
Iron...
黄金
gold...
白银
silver.
但金属就算在山里也很难找到
But metals are no more common in the mountains than anywhere else.
为什么奥兹还有其他无数像他一样的人
So why do Otzi and millions like him...
要跋涉进山去得到金属呢
have to trek into the mountains to get them?
大历史联♥系♥了地理学
Big history connects to geology.
矿石通常深埋地下数英里
Minerals are often miles deep...
被沉积物掩盖堆积了数百万年
buried under sediments that piled up over millions of years.
早期的人类没法挖的太深
Early man has no way to dig that deep.
但山脉恰好帮了人们这个忙
But mountains do.
大♥陆♥板块的碰撞造就了山脉高达几英里
Continents collide to create mountains that climb miles high.
地表因风化的作用
Then erosion bulldozes the outer layers of earth...
露出了下面的宝藏
and exposes the prize.
山脉的形成相当于在帮助我们挖掘
Mountains pretty much do excavation for us.
当你行进于悬崖峭壁间
When you're walking along a cliff face
你就会看见那些珍贵的矿石和煤
and you see your rare mineral or coal...
或其他什么突出来的东西
or anything like that sticking out of it...
只要顺着岩脉就很容易
it's easy to grab a pickax and a shovel
用铁镐和铲开采矿石
and start mining and follow the vein.
但你要就在平地中间
Try and do that in the middle of a flat plain.
挖得很深也不一定能发现什么东西
You dig down. You may not even find anything.
铜器时代的人比如奥兹
Bronze Age men like Otzi...
算是为财而亡的"先驱"
will be among the first to die for these riches.
在近现代山脉提供另一项重要的资源
In modern times, mountains offer up another vital resource-
能源
energy.
很显然来自阿帕拉契山脉的煤矿
Obviously, the coal that comes out of the Appalachians...
引导了北美州的工业革命
helps drive the industrial revolution in North America.
试想煤矿在驱动大型机械
Think of the role of that coal in driving the great machines,
和工厂的重要角色
the great factories.
没有煤矿这些造山运动产生的产品
Without that coal, itself the product of mountain building...
我们也许不能实现工业化
we might not have had industrialization.
但山脉提供的财富远不止石头里的矿
But not all the riches raining down from mountains are set in stone.
大历史揭示了高度和重力的共同作用
Big history reveals how height and gravity work together...
让山脉成为天然的水塔
to make mountains into water towers.
山离大气层这么近
Mountains reach so far into the atmosphere
足以创造天气
that they create weather.
它们使湿气体越过山脉上升
They force moist air passing over them to rise...
并且冷却
where it cools...
水蒸气冷凝化作雨再次落下
and its water vapor condenses and falls as rain.
山能够呼风唤雨
Mountains are rainmakers.
世上最潮湿的地方
All the wettest places on Earth...
都位于山的迎风坡
are on the windward side of mountains.
在温带这些降水通常以降雪形式存在
In temperate zones, this moisture usually falls as snow.
在春天冰雪缓慢的融化成水
In the growing season, that water is then slowly melted away...
汇入世界上最大的河流系统
where it feeds into the world's biggest river systems.
所以很简单没有山脉扮演
And so, very simply, without the role of mountains...
稳定而缓慢的
allowing the water to accumulate and then releasing it...
在冬天积水夏天放水的角色
at a slow and steady rate in the summer...
我们根本不可能拥有今天这样主要的流域
we simply wouldn't have the major watersheds that we have in the world today.
那么既然山脉如此重要
So if mountains are so vital...
没了它们地球会是怎样的光景
what would the Earth be like without them?
在山脉诞生的地方藏着这个信息
There is a sign hidden in the place where mountains are born...
一个几乎没人去过的地方
a place where few men have ever gone.
大历史已经展示地理怎么影响我们的历史
Big history shows us how geology shapes our history...
山脉怎样像巨型推土机一样运动
how mountains act as giant bulldozers...
隆起露出矿藏
to raise up and carve out metals...
又如同巨型搅拌器搅动大气层
and as giant blenders that churn the atmosphere...
滋润大地
to water the planet.
但山脉对人类最重要的因素
But the mountains most essential to life on Earth-..
是我们无法看见的
Are the ones we can't see.
大历史联♥系♥到过去
Big history connects back...
看看那次伟大的发现大西洋中脊的远征
to an unprecedented expedition in the mid-Atlantic.
那是横跨大西洋的电报刚刚诞生的年代
It's the age of the first transatlantic telegraph.
一艘英国船正在调查海床
And a British ship surveys the ocean floor.
英国皇家海军挑战者号♥正在寻找
H.M.S. Challenger was looking for a good route...
一条能横跨大洋的海底线缆的不错路线
to lay a cable across the Atlantic...
他们却发现意料之外的事
and they came across something quite unexpected...
数量众多的海底山脉
a massive mountain range under the ocean...
横跨整个大西洋
the entire length of the Atlantic Ocean.
我们现在称之为大西洋中脊
We call it now the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
山脉长达1万英里常发地震
This 10, 000-mile stretch of constant earthquakes...
火山喷发还有着海底热泉
volcanoes and spewing vents...
这里不仅仅有山脉
is not just a mountain range.
这里是天然的造山工厂
It's a mountain factory.
海床的分离造就了大西洋中脊
As the sea floor separates and builds these mid-ocean ridges...
大♥陆♥互相挤压分离
continents are shoved apart...
创造出千里群山
creating mountains thousands of miles away.
这是板块构造的过程
Here are the processes that drive plate tectonics.
同一个巨大的山脉
These same mountain ranges
迫使地球板块移♥动♥
are driving great parts of the crust of the Earth to move...
最终形成另外的山脉
and to create eventually other mountain ranges.
如果没有这个工厂的造山运动
Without this factory constantly building new mountains...
已存在的山脉会慢慢风化消失殆尽
our existing mountains would slowly erode away...
地球会变成噩梦般的地狱
turning Earth into a nightmare planet.
如果地球上没有山脉
If there were no mountains on Earth...
整颗星球会与
the entire planet would be radically different
我们今天看到的天差地别
than what we know today.
想象下没有风障
Imagine no windbreaks...
风会不断地加速
so wind just continually speeds up.
旋风巨型龙♥卷♥风♥ 飓风
Whirlwinds, gigantic tornadoes, cyclones.
地球会变得完全不适合居住
It would be completely uninhabitable...
完全不能居住
completely unlivable.
在水下
Underwater...
大量热量从地心融核上升
the intense heat rising from the Earth's molten interior...
从海底烟柱喷涌而出
gushes out through black smokers...
创造出化学物质融合成的羹