人类大历史（2013）

Big History S01E17

Part 3 March 29, 2021, 2:04 p.m.

So during the first few generations of stars,
类地行星无法存在
Earth-like planets can't exist...
更别说生命体了
and neither can life.
但是大爆♥炸♥数十亿年后
But billions of years after the big bang,
新一代的恒星诞生了
a newer generation of stars appears...
其中包括我们的太阳
including our sun.
这一次也有足够的矿物质和金属
This time there are enough new minerals and metals
来创造岩石行星了
to create rocky planets as well.
当你意识到
It is truly mind-blowing when you realize...
至少两代恒星星系诞生又消亡后
that the elements that are present on our Earth and in our sun...
地球和太阳上的元素
cannot exist unless there has been
才得以存在
at least two generations of star systems before us...
你会发现这事实令人感到震撼
that have lived and died.
你能想象吗那些在我们身体里的元素
Can you imagine? The elements in our body...
在你我被创造出来前
have to have been through this event twice before...
已经经历过两次这样的事情了
before you can get a creature like us.
早期的关键点揭示了宇宙中最初的原子们
Early thresholds reveal that the first atoms in the universe...
在数十亿年中不断被赋予新形态
are reincarnated throughout billions of years...
从这个元素到另一个元素
from one element to another.
从恒星到爆♥炸♥
From star to exploding star.
从单独的原子
From isolated early atoms...
到最终形成世间万物的一部分
to the elements that form everything around us.
我们身体中的一些原子
Some of the atoms in our bodies are
已经超过130亿岁了
more than 13 billion years old.
这些是带领我们
These are the building blocks that will lead us
走向下一个关键时期
to the next threshold...
也是最终创造出
and the most mysterious turning point
人类的宇宙浩瀚历史中
in the big history of the universe...
最神秘转折点的基石
the one that will finally lead to us.
人类大历史是通过8个关键时刻
Big history is a new story of mankind...
来追溯人类起源的新故事
that traces our origins through eight pivotal moments.
最初的三个关键点大爆♥炸♥ 恒星的诞生
The first three... the big bang, the birth of stars...
以及复杂元素的出现
the creation of complex elements...
改变了宇宙中的一切
transform everything in the universe...
同时也带我们走向
and lead us to the
人类大历史中的第四个转折点
fourth monumental turning point in our big history...
地球的形成
the formation of Earth.
这是我们银河系约45亿年前的样子
This is our galaxy more than four and a half billion years ago.
一个古老的恒星崩塌并爆♥炸♥
An ancient star collapses and explodes...
对周围的气体云和尘埃云
launching a massive shock wave into a nearby
造成了巨大的冲击波
cloud of gas and dust.
这个力量使得它们开始旋转
Its force causes the cloud to spin.
引力让它们坍缩
Gravity crushes and compresses it...
改变了这些云的形状
sculpting the cloud
并使它们的温度高达1♥0♥0♥0♥0♥度
and heating it up to 10, 000 degrees.
这个古老恒星的一部分
And from the remains of an ancient star...
最终成为一颗新的闪耀着的星
a new one bursts into light.
我们的太阳照亮了它周围的8颗行星
Our sun illuminates eight young planets forming around it.
正如我们所见
As we've seen,
一系列看似不可能的事件接踵而至
a series of improbable events now line up...
像一个个关于地球为何能供养生命的
to push us across the fourth threshold...
庞大无尽的谜团
like pieces of a grand and infinite puzzle
带我们走过第四个关键时期
leading to an Earth capable of sustaining life.
首先一个大规模的碰撞
First, a massive collision.
在地球周围形成一个熔融状态的巨型碟状岩石
It created a huge molten disk of rock around the Earth...
之后这块岩石迅速的合并形成了月球
which rapidly, um, coalesced to form the moon.
幸运的是
By a stroke of luck,
月球在太阳系中属于体型最大的一类
our moon is one of the largest in the solar system...
因此它的引力大到
so its gravity is powerful enough to
足以影响地球的活动
affect how the Earth behaves...
让我们能够拥有稳定的气候和适宜的季节
giving us a steady climate and predictable seasons.
如果月球不存在的话
If it hadn't been for the presence of the moon...
地球的自转轴倾斜程度将会产生
Earth's axis of rotation would undergo...
毁灭性的巨大改变
chaotic, giant changes in tilt.
这会导致气候的极端变化
And this would lead to huge disruptions in climate.
也不太可能
And it's unlikely
进化出像人类这样
that advanced, complex creatures such as
高等复杂的生物
ourselves could have evolved.
但尽管有月亮带来的稳定性
But even with the stability created by the moon...
这个年轻的星球仍不是一个理想的家园
this young planet isn't ready to become a home.
没有水人类大历史是无法到达下一个关键点的
Big history can't move to the next threshold without water.
因为形成月球过程中产生的热量
And most of it was just blown away
足以造成毁灭性的影响
by the heat of the moon-forming impact.
但是早期混乱的太阳系改变了一切
But the chaotic early solar system comes to the rescue.
来自小行星带外部的
Meteoroids and asteroids rich in water...
流星和陨石中富含水分
come from the outer parts of the asteroid belt...
为地球带来了大量的水
and are thought to have brought a lot of the water to the Earth.
当你打开水龙头时你喝到的可能是
You turn on a tap, and you may well be drinking stuff...
陨石在大约45亿年前
that was delivered to you personally by an asteroid...
带来的东西
about four and a half billion years ago.
在海洋深处
And now deep in the ocean waters...
我们即将见证由彗星和陨石带来的
carried to Earth by comets and asteroids...
人类大历史中第五个
we are about to witness the fifth and
也是最神秘的的关键时刻
most mysterious of the big history thresholds.
生命
Life.
生命究竟是如何出现的
How exactly does life emerge?
这是一个极其深奥的话题
It's one of our most profound questions.
有些人认为生命是由
Some believe that life may have
流星或彗星带到地球上的
crash-landed on Earth in meteors or comets.
但大多数人则认为
But most believe that life on Earth
生命起源于
starts with a chemical reaction...
海洋深处的化学反应
down in the deepest depths of the ocean...
在那里熔融的地核
where heat rising from
产生的热量使海底裂开
the planet's molten core tears apart the seafloor.
极热的气体和岩浆从缝隙中迸发出来
Superheated gas and lava vent through the cracks...
开始了革命性的转变
and ignite a revolution.
在这个炙热的地方一种新的化学物质产生
In this broiling soup, a new kind of chemistry emerges...
它为所有生命的存在
a biological blueprint for every living thing
绘制了一份生物蓝图
that will ever exist...
这个神秘的物质就是DNA
a secret code called D.N.A.
仅仅四种化学物质
Just four chemicals
却以百万种方式组合在一起
will combine in millions of ways...
来命令每个细胞如何工作
to instruct every cell on how to do everything...
从细菌
beginning with bacteria...
这个最简单且最古老的生命体开始
the simplest and oldest form of life.
早期的细菌从海底诞生
Here's where early forms of bacteria appeared...
它们依靠火山爆发提供的能量和热量
feeding off the energy and the heat
来维持生命
that was coming out of these volcanic eruptions.
我们认为从这儿开始在地球上
Here, we think, the first life on Earth appeared...
除了有海底山脉外还有了第一个生命体
beside these great undersea mountain ranges.
生命是是世界上唯一
Life is the only thing in the universe
能储存和传递信息
that can store and pass along information...
繁衍和进化的事物
reproduce itself and evolve.
但是如此微小的有机体是如何
But how does a simple microscopic organism...
进化成像人类这样的复杂生物的呢
evolve into something as complex as a human?
从细菌到人的转变
The path from bacteria to man is a
是个非常神秘的过程
mysterious series of transformations...
其中有无数种其他可能结果
With an infinite number of possible outcomes...
但只有一种是进化出了人类
but only one that leads to us.
未来地球上出现的一切
The seeds of everything that will happen on the future Earth...
都是从最简单的源头演变来的
are all descended from these simple beginnings.
5.42亿年前的地球
Earth... 542 million years ago...
在生命开始出现的30亿年后
three billion years after life first appears.
在短短数百万年间
In a geological instant,
海洋中出现了各种复杂的植物和动物
the seas explode with complex plants and animals.
所有身体器官和特征
All the basic body types that will ever exist...
例如头嘴眼睛
heads, mouths, eyes...
将来会进化成肢干的鳍
fins that will evolve into limbs...
下颌和牙齿
jaws and teeth...
都突然出现了
all of them suddenly appear.
4.75亿年前植物开始遍布大♥陆♥