人类大历史（2013）

Big History S01E14

Part 2 March 29, 2021, 2:04 p.m.

But big history reveals...
太阳也定义了我们在大千世界里
the sun also defines what we believe is real...
对孰真孰假的判断
and what lies in the shadow world...
超脱于我们的认知范围
just beyond the realm of our perception.
大历史是观察世界的新方式
Big history is a new way to see the world.
它展现了文明与细胞
It reveals that civilization thrives...
以同样的方式日趋繁荣
in the same way our cells do-
它们的方式就是与太阳
by syncing up with the sun...
我们太阳系中间的计时器同步
the timekeeper at the center of our solar system.
当我们与太阳同步时
When we sync up with the sun...
我们追寻的是两种不同的时间
we're tracking two different kinds of time:
一年是地球绕太阳一周的时间
a year, the time it takes Earth to orbit the sun...
一天是自转出入
and a day, the time it takes to spin in
日光的时间
and out of the sun's light.
但是如我们所知时间对地球来说是独有的
But time, as we know it, is unique to planet Earth...
因为每一个行星都以自己的方式绕日运动
because every planet journeys around the sun in its own way.
金星离太阳太近旋转太慢
Venus is so close to the sun and rotates so slowly...
以至于它的一天比它的一年要长
that its day is longer than its year.
木星自转迅速
Jupiter spins so fast...
从而它的一天小于十个小时
its day is less than 10 hours.
在太阳系之外
Beyond our solar system,
还有些星球不自转
there are worlds that don't rotate at all.
有一边是永久地日照
One side remains in permanent daylight...
有一边则是困于永夜的寒冷
while the other is stuck in a constant fleeze of darkness.
难以想象在没有24小时
It's hard to imagine life on Earth...
横扫地球规律的日出模式的情况下
without the 24-hour pattern of sunrise and sunset...
地球上的生命将是如何的
sweeping across the globe.
大历史告诉我们即使在9300万英里之外
Big history reveals that even from 93 million miles away...
太阳依旧有控制生命的能力
the sun has the power to control our lives.
它塑造了我们对真实的认知
It shapes our perception of what is real..
它界定了我们看见什么
What we see...
看不见什么
and what we can't.
我们的眼睛生来就做一件事
Our eyes are designed to do one thing-
理解阳光
make sense of sunlight.
我们所看见的阳光少于太阳投向我们的一半
The light we see is less than half of what the sun beams to us.
这是光谱的各部分
It's all part of a spectrum...
由不同波长的光构成
made up of different wavelengths of light.
人类只能看见光谱中间部分的光
Humans can only see light in the middle of the spectrum.
我们的眼睛不能感知
Our eyes can't perceive light waves that
波长太长或太短的光
are too long or too short-
比如红外线和紫外线
the infrared and the ultraviolet.
是对我们来说隐形的世界
It's a world that's invisible to us...
但并不是对所有动物如此
but not to every animal.
有些鹰可以看见紫外线
Some hawks can see ultra violet' light.
这使得他们可以在上空追踪猎物
An adaptation that allows them to track prey from above...
光会反射啮齿动物
as the light bounces off urine that
标记踪迹的尿液
rodents use to mark their trails.
响尾蛇进化出了特殊的器官来感知热
Pit vipers evolved special organs to sense heat...
所以他们就可以用红外线来追踪猎物
so they can track their prey with infrared light...
但这是我们看不见的
that we could never see.
如果我们都能看见会不堪重负
If we could see it all, we'd be overwhelmed
所以我们的眼睛进化
So our eyes evolved to pick out
得以挑选我们最需要的阳光部分
the parts of the sun's light we need the most.
大多数的哺乳动物都是这样看世界的
Most mammals see the world like this.
它们的眼睛只有可以探测两种颜色的细胞
Their eyes only have cells to detect two colors-
蓝和绿
blues and greens.
但是人类有第三种探测红色的细胞
But humans have a third type of cell for detecting reds.
所以对我们来说
Soto us...
同样的场景看上去是这样的
the same scene looks like this.
为什么我们可以看到其他动物看不到的颜色
Why can we see colors that other animals can't?
大历史要向前推移两千万年
Big history links back 20 million years.
这要从我们早期的祖先说起
It starts with our early ancestors-
居住在树上的灵长类动物
primates who live in the trees...
在树上看到红色的能力是一种优势
where the ability to see red is an advantage.
这让它们能够从绿叶的背景中
It allows them to spot brightly colored fruit...
辨别出鲜艳的果实
against a background of green leaves.
人类继承了这种全色彩的日间视觉
Humans inherit this full-color daytime vision...
这给我们带来了优势
which gives us an edge.
人类格外适应白天的活动
Humans are exquisitely adapted for daytime activity...
这意味着我们可以成功地狩猎
which meant that we were able to hunt so successfully...
并最终为我们的活动设定规律
and eventually regulate all of our activity...
依照太阳依照这时间和光的规律循环
to the sun, to this regular cycle of day and light.
但是进化永远有得有失
But there are always trade-offs in evolution.
全色视野对在日光下寻找食物有利
Full-color vision is good for finding food in daylight...
然而能够清晰分辨颜色的眼睛
but eyes that see color well...
不能在晚上视野清晰
don't see well at night.
我们眼睛里探测颜色的细胞关闭了
The color-detecting cells in our eyes turn off...
将我们对现实的认知
and change our perception of reality...
变成阴翳的灰影
to muted shades of gray.
夜间视觉细胞对光的敏感度要强100倍
Our night vision cells are 100 times more light sensitive...
但是它们比感知颜色的细胞简单
but they're simpler than the cells that perceive color.
我们得到的黑暗中的景象要模糊得多
The view we get of the dark is much less clear.
也更加地神秘
It's more mysterious.
我们看不清广大光谱中的
We don't see this great spectrum of
颜色和任何其它事物
colors or anything with clarity.
这让夜晚变成了神秘和危险的世界
This makes night a world of mystery and danger...
这时候白天的捕猎者忽然变成了猎物
where a daytime predator can suddenly fall prey...
落在进化得以看清阴影的世界的生物手中
To a creature evolved to see in the shadow world.
大历史告诉我们这种对太阳的适应
Big history reveals how this adaptation to the sun...
是怎么与我们的心理联♥系♥在一起
connects to our psychology.
对于人类来说光是善
For humans, light is good.
黑暗则是恶
Darkness is evil.
在许多故事中我们让光刺破黑暗
In so many origin stories, we have light piercing the dark.
我们将光芒奉为神圣
And we equate that light with the divine itself.
我们将不喜欢的和不需要的事物
And we equate what we don't like and what we don't
等同于黑暗
want with dark.
这样二元性崛起了
And what we see there is a rise of duality.
一旦你崇拜太阳你一定恐惧黑暗
Once you worship the sun, you must fear the dark.
善恶的争斗
The fight between good and evil...
将人类的宗教与太阳的秘密相连
Connects mankind's religions to the secrets of the sun.
但是太阳和我们的信仰之间还有更大的联♥系♥
But there's an even bigger link between the sun and our beliefs.
它就藏在创造的每一刻中
And it's hidden in the very moment of creation.
大历史用科学的新视角观察世界
Big history uses science to see the world in a new way.
它告诉我们太阳控制了我们的心智
It reveals that the sun controls our minds...
从我们对时间的理解
from our perception of time...
到我们对现实的看法
to our view of reality.
太阳有着塑造我们的能力
The sun has the power to shape us.
传统历史告诉我们
And while traditional history tells us that
许多古老的文明
many ancient civilizations...
相信太阳是神
believed the sun is a god...
大历史将这些古老的宗教
big history connects these ancient religions-
与太阳系的诞生相连
To the birth of the solar system.
这是大约5亿万年前我们的宇宙邻居
This is our cosmic neighborhood nearly five billion years ago...
太阳诞生之前的时间
a time before the sun.
如果我们回到太阳存在之前
if we go back before the sun came into existence...
我们看到的将是一种庞大的星云
what we would see is sort of a vast cloud...
由气体和灰尘组成
of gas and dust...
它的直径大约是一光年
about a light-year across and
并且包含着太阳的全部质量
containing the entire mass of the sun.
一个古老的星球在附近爆♥炸♥
An ancient star explodes nearby.
它释放了穿过气体星云的振动波
It unleashes a shock wave that rips through the gas cloud...
并且让它开始旋转
and sends it into a tailspin.
这就引起了因为它自身重量的坍缩
That started collapsing due to its own weight.
并且它随着坍缩越转越快
And it spun faster and faster as it collapsed.
引力在中心吸引了一堆高密度的碎片
Gravity pulls together a dense cluster of debris in the center.
星云剩余的部分在它的周围平坦地向外扩展
The remaining cloud flattens out around it.
这样就形成了一个巨大的转盘
So now we have a great spinning disk.
在这转盘中
And in this spinning disk,
太阳在引力的作用下形成了
the sun eventually coalesces under gravity...
达到惊人的一千万摄氏度
reaches this incredible temperature
并且发亮了起来