人类大历史（2013）

Big History S01E17

Part 6 March 29, 2021, 2:04 p.m.

这么多牛都起源于80只
descend from a herd of just 80 aurochs...
我们祖先一万年前驯服的野牛
that our ancestors domesticate 10, 000 years ago.
革命给我们带来了另一个强有力的动物同盟
This revolution also gives us our most powerful animal ally-
马
the horse-
一种在今天对人们的说话方式
Which today has a huge and surprising impact on
有巨大和惊人影响力的动物
how We speak.
马群最早被一个说原始印欧语系的
The horse is first tamed by Asian tribes...
亚洲部落所驯服
that speak an ancient language called Proto-Indo-European.
有了新的出行方式
With this radical new Way of getting around...
那群人开始分散到处传播他们的语言
they fan out, spreading their language far and Wide.
随着时间的流逝它形成了几百种语言的分支
Over time, it branches into hundreds of languages...
这些语言几乎被大半个世界的人使用
spoken by almost half the World.
我们不会有这样的对话
We wouldn't be having this conversation-
至少不会是用英语对话
at least not in English-
如果马没有扮演传播语言
if it was not for the role of the horse
文化和人类的重要角色
in spreading language, culture and humans.
农业改革也取决于化学
The farming revolution also depends on chemistry...
和盐的重要作用
and the superpower of salt.
作为一个农民如果你要存活
To survive as a farmer,
你在秋天收获的食物必须能够储存一年
the food you harvest in the fall has to last all year.
盐把水分从食物中挤出去这样就消灭了细菌
Salt pulls moisture out of food, Which kills off microbes...
防止食物腐烂
and keeps it from rotting.
农业社会的一大问题是
One of the great problems for agricultural societies...
如何储存好东西 "盐" 就是答案
is how to preserve things, and salt is the answer.
储存问题将种植由生活方式的改变
Preservation turns farming from a lifestyle change...
变成了革命
into a revolution.
几千年来只有和狩猎和采集相关的工作
For thousands of years, the only jobs that existed...
才得以生存
involved hunting or gathering food.
如今在有能力
NoW, With the ability
储存食物和建立库存之后
to store food and build up a stockpile for the future...
历史上第一次人类可以把他们的精力
for the first time in history, people can devote their energy...
投入到高于生存的事情中
to something more than survival.
这是人类第一个就业市场的开端
It is the beginning of mankind’s first job market.
人们开始分工劳动
You start getting a division of labor.
有些专门去当士兵
Some people specialize as soldiers...
有些成为了牧师有些成为制金属工人
some as priests, some as, uh, metalworkers...
最终一些人成为了统治者
and eventually some as rulers.
然而使农业革命变得更重要的
And What makes the farming revolution even more momentous...
是通过播种的方式人类开始定局
is that by planting seeds, We begin to put down roots...
导致许多不仅仅是食物的东西被种植
causing much more than just food to grow.
村落变成了城镇
Villages become towns...
城镇变成了城市
towns become cities...
城市最终变产生文明
and cities become civilizations...
开辟了高度统治的新时代
ushering in an age of all-powerful rulers.
其中一个叫萨尔贡大帝的阿卡德国王
One of those rulers, an Akkadian king called Sargon the Great...
建立了一个庞大的军队占领了领国
raises a huge army, conquers his neighbors...
创造了一些全新的东西
and creates something entirely new-
在那里一个国王统治许多不同的城市和人♥民♥
Where one king rules over many different cities and peoples.
这就是世界上第一个帝国的诞生
It is the World's first empire.
这是我们从上古世纪看到的方式
It's a pattern We see across the ancient World.
哪里有城市建起来哪里就会有帝国
Where cities rise, empires follow.
这种建立帝国的推动力似乎
This impetus to construct empires appears to get deeply embedded
在所有文明的文化中变得根深蒂固
in the cultural D.N.A. of all these civilizations.
帝国是建立在
Empires depend on loyalty
不同领土中许多人♥民♥的忠诚之上的
from thousands of subjects over vast territories.
所以早期统治者建立巨大的建筑物
So early rulers build giant mega structures
来显示他们惊人的统治力
to signal their awe-inspiring power.
无数的普通劳工把巨大的石头
Thousands of common laborers pile giant stones...
堆成巨大的人造假山
into enormous artificial mountains-
古金字塔就是这样诞生的
ancient pyramids that rise around the World...
一种可以链接全球人类文明的方式
a pattern that links human civilizations across the globe.
在文明的增长和紧密联♥系♥下
As civilizations grow and connect...
人们集体学习累积的财富也扩大了
our Wealth of collective learning expands...
渐渐的我们需要一种记录和分享知识的方式
and We soon need a Way to record and share knowledge.
在某一时刻
All of the world's major civilizations
所有世界大文明都会面对一个问题
at some point confronted...
就是人♥民♥
the problem of there being too much information
需要把太多信息记在脑子里
to keep it in your head...
所以他们不得不开♥发♥一种
that they had to
可以永久记录信息的方式
develop permanent ways of recording information.
因此人们开始在
So We begin making marks
粘土石头莎草纸和竹简上做标记
on clay, stone, papyrus and bamboo...
来帮助他们记住一些东西
to help us remember things.
书写是允许前人
Writing is a breakthrough
将他们的经历
that allows us to pass on our experiences...
直接传给后代的重大突破
directly to future generations.
从书写到金字塔
From Writing to pyramids...
再到现代都市的冉冉升起
to the rise of the modern metropolis.
任何我们叫做 "文明" 的东西
Everything We call civilization...
都可以追溯到农业革命
can trace its origins back to the farming revolution...
一个改变我们生活方式的巨大的历史时刻
a big history threshold that transforms the Way We live.
虽然普通的人类特性把人类团结在一起
But although common human traits unite us...
自然界的气候和地质条件还是会把人们分开
the natural World of climate and geography Will divide us...
使世界陷入史诗般的碰撞
and plunge the World into an epic clash...
这种碰撞威胁着所有文明走向衰败
that threatens to bring entire civilizations crashing down.
人类大历史是观看世界的一种全新方式
Big history is an epic new Way to look at the World...
把旧史中的帝国和文明
connecting the traditional history of empires and civilizations
与山脉地质学
to the geology of mountain ranges...
动物的进化
the evolution of animals...
甚至地球的倾斜与气候联♥系♥在一起
even the Earth's tilt and climate.
城市和文明在气候温暖
Cities and civilizations take hold in Warmer climates...
而且可以容易耕种作物的地方得以保留
places Where it's easier to grow food.
在北方由于天气太寒冷农作物难以生存
In the north, Where it's too cold for most crops...
草是为数不多能存活的植物
grass is one of the few plants that can survive.
群居动物靠草生存
Herd animals thrive on it,
所以人们习惯游牧而不是定局下来
so people here saddle up instead of settling down...
久而久之变成熟练的牧羊人和入侵者
and become expert herders and raiders.
马背上的战争文化
Horse-based warrior cultures...
逐渐变成最佳的生存模式
are going to be the optimal mode of existence.
气候划分了旧世界
So climate divides the Old World...
给予我们不同的命运
and gives us different destinies.
有些地方四季如春
Where it's Warm- permanent,
有以农业为基础的繁荣的定居点
prosperous settlements built on farming.
而有些地方却寒冷的只有游牧民
Where it's colder- roving bands of nomads...
他们有时只能从南边富人手中掠夺财富
Who sometimes loot and pillage riches from the south...
甚至摧毁整个文明
and even bring entire civilizations crashing down.
从踏过中国长城的部落
From the tribes that swarm over China's Great Wall...
到摧毁罗马帝国的匈奴人哥特人和汪达尔人
to the Huns, Goths and Vandals Who destroy the Roman Empire...
再到攻占大部分已知世界的蒙古人
to the Mongols Who conquer most of the known World...
这种冲突延续了五千年
it's an epic conflict that lasts 5, 000 years.
但气候不是对人类大历史
But climate is not the only force
造成深远影响的唯一因素
With a profound impact on big history.
地质情况
Geology-
例如大♥陆♥板块的形状和运动
the shape and movement of continents...
和巨大山脉的位置
and the location of formidable mountain barriers...
也扮演者重要角色
plays a vital role.
欧洲和亚洲的文明要比美洲的
In Europe and Asia, civilizations grow faster and more massively
成长的更快更巨大
than their counterparts in the Americas.
那么什么东西旧世界有但是新世界没有呢
So What does the Old World have that the New World doesn't?
地球显示了在东半球
The Earth reveals that in the eastern hemisphere...
板块构造导致土地由东向西排列
plate tectonics aligns the land from east to West...
一个单一的山系
and a single mountain system,
例如阿尔卑斯带横跨两个大洲
the Alpide Belt, stretches across two continents...
从阿尔卑斯山脉到喜马拉雅山脉的后面
from the Alps to the Himalayas and beyond.
由于旧世界的山脉
Because the Old World and its mountains are oriented
是由东向西排布的
from east to West...
人们可以沿着它们迁徙几千里路
people can migrate easily alongside them for thousands of miles
带着他们的农作物动物和想法
bringing their crops, animals and ideas.
人类迁移发展为东西方向的趋势
Human migration tends to run east-west...
因为这里白天的时间基本保持不变
because the length of the days remains the same...