人类大历史（2013）

Big History S01E17

Part 2 March 29, 2021, 2:04 p.m.

We will see that they are all mysteriously connected.
8个解释一切的关键点
Eight thresholds that explain everything.
8个促使人类诞生的原因
Eight portals that lead to us...
包括接下来这个
including the next one...
这一时刻在宇宙早期炙热的温度
the moment when the immense heat,
无边的黑暗和混沌中
darkness and chaos of the early universe...
突然迸发出无数光线
suddenly explodes into a trillion trillion points of light.
人类大历史已经开始介绍
Big history has begun to reveal...
我们宇宙中最重要的8个转折点
the eight biggest turning points in the story of our universe.
8个最终促使人类出现的
Eight threshold moments...
神秘的关键时刻
that will mysteriously lead to us.
第一个
The first...
宇宙大爆♥炸♥
the big bang...
恰到好处地♥产♥生了引力等基本力
exploding in just the right way to create forces like gravity.
但那时温度过高无法形成原子
But it's still too hot to form atoms.
不过一切即将改变
All that is about to change.
我们将向你展示第二个关键时刻
We are about to reveal the second threshold moment.
宇宙诞生后380,000年时
Only at the point of about 380,000 years...
温度才足够低到
have things cooled enough
能产生我们所认知的各种物质
that we can finally get matter as we recognize it.
如果没有一个冷却下来的宇宙
Without a cooling universe,
任何一个有真正形态的物质都
there's no way that we or anything else...
不可能存在
that has real structure would exist.
最初出现的原子是氢和氦
The first atoms to appear are hydrogen and helium...
两个最基本的元素
the two most basic elements.
但它们的形成不是第二个关键点
But their formation is not the second threshold.
氢和氦
Hydrogen and helium
只是即将到来的关键时刻的一部分
are just the building blocks of the portal yet to come.
因为所有的物质都受引力影响
Since all matter exerts a gravitational pull...
大♥片♥原子开始聚集
giant clouds of these atoms begin to clump together...
形成我们今天所看到的形态
into forms we recognize today.
引力是宇宙的雕刻家
Gravity is the sculptor of the universe.
再加上宇宙早期
And small variations in
各物质密度的不同
the density of the universe at early times...
促使了那些庞大结构的形成
led to the formation of these gigantic structures...
星系星系团
galaxies and clusters of galaxies
和超星系团
and super clusters of galaxies...
被无尽的虚空所分隔
separated by enormous voids.
这是宇宙级的鬼斧神工
This is mega engineering on the largest scales.
现在在这些异常巨大的系统下
Now, within these mega structures...
无数小型氢氦云
trillions of smaller clouds of hydrogen and helium
开始坍缩和旋转
begin to condense and spin.
这是引力在对它们发挥作用
So gravity is working on these clouds...
使它们冲撞坍塌压缩
crushing, condensing, compressing.
在它们内部温度在升高
Inside them, temperatures are increasing,
压力也在增大
pressure is heating up.
最终当温度到达
And eventually, once a certain temperature is reached
近1000万摄氏度的临界点时
inside these vast clouds...
就会发生
roughly 10 million degrees Celsius...
核聚变
nuclear fusion will take place.
一旦一切条件都满足
Once these conditions are met...
并且有适合的原子
and the critical amount of atoms,
合适的温度和压力时
temperature and pressure come together...
我们就来到了另一个转折点
we reach another turning point...
人类大历史的第二个关键时刻
big history's second great threshold.
恒星亮了
Stars light up.
在这之前光并不存在
There was no light immediately before this...
因为在宇宙中没有光源
because there was nothing in the universe to create light.
所以我们来到了一个
And we hit a very significant threshold
非常重要的时刻
in the history of the universe.
"光出现了"
"Let there be light."
从这一刻开始
From this point onward...
宇宙开始了
the universe crosses through
不可逆转的变化
a portal from which there will be no turning back.
在恒星之前
Before stars,
宇宙中所有的能量只有一个来源
all the energy in the universe emanated from one source...
宇宙大爆♥炸♥
the big bang.
现在星体散落在宇宙的不同地方
Now there are sites scattered throughout the universe...
拥有着能量温度和质量
hot spots of energy, warmth, density.
第一代恒星点亮了宇宙
The first generation of stars light up the universe.
但它们的能量逐渐减少
But their fuel begins to run low.
最后燃尽
They start to burn out.
第一代恒星的消亡代表着
It is with the death of this first generation of stars...
我们进入了故事的另一个篇章
that we cross another portal in our epic story.
人类大历史的第三个关键时刻
Big history's third great threshold...
复杂元素的产生
the creation of complex elements.
在恒星逐渐衰亡的内核中
Within the dying cores of stars...
简单的元素开始融合成更大更复杂的原子
simple elements fuse into larger and more complex atoms.
这是氢和氦第一次
For the first time, hydrogen and helium
相结合产生新的元素
create brand-new elements...
让世间万物的产生成为可能
that will make the modern universe possible.
当恒星开始消耗氢元素时
As stars begin to run out of hydrogen...
它们的温度越来越高
they heat to higher and higher temperatures.
开始将氦转化成更复杂的元素
They start converting helium to more complex elements...
这整个过程最终构成了元素周期表
and this whole process continues right up the periodic table.
当恒星消亡时它们每个都变成了元素工厂
As it dies, each star becomes an element factory...
为元素的产生提供了合适的条件
creating just the right conditions to form the elements.
一旦元素形成宇宙会变得完全不同
And once they're formed, the universe will never be the same.
恒星利用一次核反应产生的物质
A star uses the ashes of one set of nuclear reactions...
作为下一次的原料
as the fuel for the next set.
氢变成氦氦变成碳和氧
Hydrogen to helium, helium to carbon and oxygen...
碳和氧变成氖和镁
carbon and oxygen to neon and magnesium,
接着是硅和硫
then silicon and sulfur...
接着是铁
and then iron.
所以120亿年前
So more than 12 billion years ago...
因为恒星创造了元素
stars are creating the element...
才有了后来的
that will make possible everything from the
铁器时代和装甲舰
Iron Age to the ironclads.
但是将要衰亡的恒星没有足够的能力
But these dying stars don't have enough energy
来创造比铁更重的物质
to create anything heavier than iron...
直到它们爆♥炸♥成为超新星
until they explode as supernovas...
这是大爆♥炸♥之后最大的爆♥炸♥
the biggest blasts since the big bang.
超高的热量和压力
The intense heat and pressure
制♥造♥出比铁重的元素
produces elements heavier than iron.
但即使是这些巨型的爆♥炸♥
But even these mega blasts are not enough
仍不足以产生最重的那些元素
to create the heaviest elements...
比如能吸引欧洲人跨越大西洋
like the gold that will draw Europeans across the Atlantic...
并引来数百万人涌进加州的黄金
and cause millions to flood into California.
为了创造它们你需要最大型的爆♥炸♥
For that, you need the biggest blast of all...
由超新星爆♥炸♥后的产物
the collision between the ruins of two supernovas...
中子星之间的碰撞所产生
known as neutron stars.
这些新元素进入到太空中形成新的星云
These new elements billow out into space, forming new clouds...
之后诞生了第二代恒星
that come together in new, second-generation stars.
随着这个过程的重复更多元素被创造出来
Each time the process repeats, more elements are created.
当你沿着元素周期表看
As you head further up that periodic table...
你基本能了解到它们
you are basically seeing the order of
被创造的顺序和难度
creation and the difficulty of creation
以及制♥造♥它们所需要的能量
and how much energy is required to create them.
有些元素很充足有些很稀少
Some elements will be abundant, others rare.
它们的比例对
Their proportions will have
将来发生的事情有深远影响
profound effects on all of history to come.
例如在宇宙中
For example, there is more silver
银的含量比金多
in the universe than there is gold...
因为金需要更多的能量来创造
because it requires more energy...
而且创造金所需要的条件更难达到
and is more rare to get those events where gold can be created.
但这些事儿在很远的未来才有意义
But that is all waiting for a distant future.
因为要过很久很久
It will take eons
这些衰亡的恒星才能创造出足够多的
before dying stars create enough of the raw materials...
像铁镍钙这样的原料
like iron, nickel and calcium
来形成如地球般的岩石行星
to form rocky planets like Earth.
所以在最初几代的星体中