世纪犯罪（2021）

卷土重来
in the United States.
到底是什么催生了
What creates the market
如此庞大的毒品市场
for this very dynamic drug cartel,
或者是思考
where they're thinking all the time
他们制♥造♥的产品都有哪些，应该往外输送哪些
about their different products, and what should we send,
要不然就是大♥麻♥跟可♥卡♥因♥谁是爷
and, you know, how's pot doing versus cocaine,
你别乐我没扯犊子
and--no, truly--
还有他们突然意识到对海♥洛♥因♥
and what they realize is, God, there's all these people now
上瘾的美国人有多少
who want heroin.
事实证明现在
It turns out that that was a population
有成千上万，甚至百万人
of hundreds of thousands, and millions of people
都在滥用处方药
who had been abusing prescription drugs,
不论是从医生那里拿到的
whether they were getting them from a doctor
还是从街头毒贩手里获取的
or buying them on the street.
然后因为各种各样的原因吧
And for a variety of reasons,
这些处方药就不太好搞到了
it was getting harder to obtain,
最终会发现这些人开始购买♥♥海♥洛♥因♥
and they find themselves buying heroin.
突然之间你就会发现有一大群
You suddenly had this huge population of buyers
会偷偷摸摸从市场后门摸进来
who'd kind of come into the market
的买♥♥家
through the back door.
会一脑袋扎进
They'd come in through the world
非法药物的海洋
of illicit pharmaceuticals.
这个时候我就将我的目光转向了鸦♥片♥
And I started looking at opioids,
当你仔细研究鸦♥片♥的时候
and when you do that,
不可避免的你就会注意到萨克勒家族
you pretty quickly stumble on the Sackler family.
我经常说我像生物学家一样
I often say I approach collecting
去收集我的收藏品
as a biologist,
我要拿到足够多的数据
that I want enough data
去确保我的结果不出问题
to be able to draw valid conclusions.
对艺术的追求需要的是在热情的基础上有章程
Art is a passion pursued with discipline.
而科学的探索则是在有组织的基础上充满热情
Science is a discipline pursued with passion.
你必须要主动出击
You have to really pursue the object.
你不能干坐在那儿
You just don't sit there
等着这些东西叭儿叭儿的跑过来
and have the objects come to you.
如果你想当一个举世闻名的收藏家
You want to be a great collector,
那你就要给自己灌输
you better think of the fact
俺可以俺必须搞到手的
that you're gonna commit yourself
想法
to a real passionate hunt.
亚瑟萨克乐因他对艺术品的
Arthur Sackler's passion
追求而出名
as a collector made him famous.
亚瑟加上他的几个兄弟，萨克乐家族
With his brothers, the Sackler family
在各大博物馆和大学校园
chiseled its reputation for “generosity”
留下了慷慨的“好名声”
on the walls of museums and colleges.
没有任何一个美国家庭
No American family has profited more
像萨克乐家族一样，在管制药物上
from controlled substances-- from Valium to OxyContin--
获得了如此之多的利益
than the Sacklers.
凭借着世界上
They built a fortune of more than $14 billion
最成功的制药商身份
by becoming some of the world's
萨克乐家族积累了超过140亿美元的财富
most successful drug pushers.
萨克乐家一共有仨男孩儿
So there are three Sackler brothers.
哥仨从小长在布鲁克林的弗拉特布♥什♥
They grew up in Flatbush in Brooklyn.
爹妈是从东欧来的移♥民♥
They had immigrant parents who'd come from eastern Europe,
这哥几个就是那种典型的
and they were kind of quintessential
野心勃勃想出人头地的移二代
hungry sons of immigrants,
20世纪早期，他们就想着
early 20th century, trying to go out there
能去好地方，能让自己有个好名声
and make a name for themselves.
最后仨兄弟都去上了医学院
All three brothers end up going to medical school.
家里老大亚瑟
And Arthur Sackler, who was the oldest brother
有点儿像村长那样
and kind of the patriarch--
对他的俩弟弟来说就跟爸妈一样
almost as much a parent to his younger brothers
因为他是老大嘛
as he was an older brother--
就在前头带着俩弟弟嗷嗷冲
kind of leads the charge,
到了40年代吧
and he ends up, in the '40s,
他就在皇后区的Creedmoor精神病院任职了
at Creedmoor Psychiatric Hospital in Queens,
就是个大精神病院
which is this vast asylum.
有六千张床位
6,000 beds.
慢慢地亚瑟就把他这
And Arthur ends up bringing
俩弟弟也安排进来了
his younger brothers into the fold.
当家里大哥的嘛
Something he often did in their lives,
不管干啥都会带着他弟弟们
is he brings Raymond and Mortimer,
Raymond和Mortimer一起
his two brothers, along with him.
在那个年代吧
And at that time,
精神病治疗这块儿
there were certain stubborn medical mysteries
充斥着谜团和不解
having to do with mental illness.
发展出了很多新的疗法
There were new innovations,
其中之一就是电击疗法
and one of them was electroshock therapy. （院长你户口本儿还剩几个人？）
后来萨家三兄弟呢
And the Sackler brothers end up in a situation
不知道怎么就成了
in which they are administering
电击疗法的直接负责人
electroshock therapy between the three of them
几千个病号♥都交给了他们
to thousands of patients at this place.
也就是这个时候他们的世界观有了些许的动摇
It struck them as crude and inhumane,
对这种疗法从心底很排斥
and the brothers were kind of repulsed by this.
所以他们就想找到一个新的替代方法
And so they start trying to find other solutions
解决精神疾病这个谜团
to these mysteries,
也就是这个时候他们觉得是大脑的化学反应
and they become convinced that it's brain chemistry
造成了各类精神问题比如精神分♥裂♥
that is causing things like schizophrenia,
如果真的是化学问题
and that if it's a chemical problem,
那么就会存在化学的解决办法
then there's probably a chemical solution.
所以说他们觉得
So the idea that, you know,
不管啥病不管多痛苦
there's no affliction for which
我们做的药丸儿都能治
we might not be able to devise a pill.
到五二年的时候
So the Sacklers buy
萨家三兄弟买♥♥了一家小制药公♥司♥
a small pharmaceutical company in 1952,
叫普渡弗得德里克
a company called Purdue Frederick.
不过有点儿垮的是啥吧
It was this little concern.
那会儿他们卖♥♥的都是
You know, they sold tonics
不太能上得了台面的东西
and kind of unglamorous products.
像什么去耳屎的啊这种
Ear wax remover. That kind of thing.
后来这家公♥司♥交给他俩弟弟管了
While his brothers are running Purdue Frederick,
老大则是收♥购♥了一家
Arthur Sackler ends up buying and owning
叫麦克亚当斯的医疗广♥告♥公♥司♥
a medical advertising company called MacAdams
因为他们当时想粗来的
and in pretty rapid succession,
一些很有划时代思维的想法
comes up with a whole series of revolutionary ideas
可以说从根儿上改变了
that completely transform the landscape
如何在美国卖♥♥药的历史轨迹
of how we sell drugs in this country.
萨老大是将营销
Arthur Sackler was a pioneer
引入药品经销的
in bringing Madison Avenue techniques
先锋人物
to the selling of drugs.
但是在这个过程中，他也经常
But in doing so, he often crossed the line
游走在灰色地带，从推销到诈骗
from promotion to fraud.
其中的关键就是雇佣某一位医生
The essential trick was to hire doctors
然后让他成为医药代表去向其他的医生推销产品
and use them as pitchmen to sell to other doctors.
就连药监局的主管都收过他的贿赂
He even paid a division head at the FDA
以此来推销他的产品
to promote his drugs.
偶尔他也会找一些专家证人
Occasionally, he would invent expert witnesses.
有一家他代表的公♥司♥
One of the companies that he represents
发了一则广♥告♥
has an ad,
除了一堆来自全国各地的
and it just had a series of business cards
大夫的名片之外
of doctors
广♥告♥上别的啥也没有
from different parts of the country.
当这则广♥告♥发出去之后
At the time when this ad runs,
有个调查记者
there was an investigative reporter
想跟这些名片上的大夫
who decides he wants to get in touch
联♥系♥一下
with these doctors.
所以他就给这些大夫都写了信
So he writes letters to all of them.
好家伙没一个真人
And the doctors don't exist.
所以这马上就
So you see pretty quickly
显得整个事儿有点儿诡异了
how this can get kind of perverted,
直到某个时间点
and at a certain point the idea that the doctor,
我们会意识到那些发过誓
who we're raised to think of