了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S01E05

Part 3 April 18, 2021, 7:56 p.m.

能在超新星的爆♥炸♥中幸存下来
could survive a supernova explosion...
但我们现在知道
but we now know
宇宙一些大爆♥炸♥留下了遗骸
that some of the biggest bangs in
the universe leave a corpse behind.
它们非常奇特, 兼且极度危险
And these are some of the strangest
and most deadly objects ever discovered.
超新星爆♥炸♥后不一定意味着终结
When a giant star goes supernova and
explodes, it's not always the end.
有时会留下遗骸
Sometimes there's a corpse.
遗骸的种类取决于恒星的大小
What kind of corpse depends
on the size of the star.
比太阳大八倍的恒星形成的超新星
Supernovas from stars more than
eight times bigger than our sun
会留下一颗中子星
leave behind a neutron star.
这是宇宙中最奇特的物体之一
And it's one of the strangest
objects in the universe.
它们好像星体世界的强尸
These things you can almost think of... as
sort of the zombies of the stellar world.
它们非常危险, 非常诡异
They're very dangerous.
They're very weird.
恒星不断制♥造♥它们, 四周围都是
And stars make them all the
time. They're all around us.
当一颗巨星变成超新星时
As a giant star goes supernova,
内核从行星被挤压到城市般大小
the core is crushed from the size
of a planet to the size of a city.
内核承受的压力十分强烈
The pressure in the
core is so intense...
连内部原子也挤压在一起
even the atoms inside
it are crushed together.
当原子被紧紧挤压, 以致全无空隙
When the atoms are packed that tightly
and there's no space left between them,
内核累积的巨大能量需要得到宣泄
the massive energy build-up
means something's got to give.
内核爆♥炸♥摧毁了恒星外层
The core blasts off the
outer layers of the star...
留下密度超大的中子星
and what remains is a
super-dense neutron star.
中子星是把恒星的质量压缩到极小
A neutron star has the mass of a star
crunched into a very small volume...
所以密度大得惊人
and that means the
density is incredibly high.
想象我身后的帝国大厦
Well, imagine taking the Empire
State Building here behind me,
压缩成一粒沙子那么大
crushing it into the
size of a grain of sand.
这就是中子星的密度
That's the density of
the entire neutron star.
若这种极高密度的东西掉下去
So if you had something that
dense, if you dropped it,
它会像热刀切牛油那样穿过地球
it would fall straight through the Earth
just like a hot knife through butter.
一茶匙大小的中子星有一亿吨♥重
A teaspoon of neutron star
would weigh 100 million tons.
想象恒星那样重的东西
Imagine something as heavy as a star,
却只有纽约市那么大
but only the size of New York City...
而且在旋转
and it's spinning.
有些的转速达到每秒1000转
Some of them...may be born
rotating a thousand times a second.
试想一下
I mean, think about it.
质量是太阳1.5倍的天体
Something one and a half
times the mass of the sun
每秒旋转1000次
going around a thousand times a second.
有些中子星旋转得很快
Some neutron stars spin so fast,
因而产生巨大的辐射脉冲
they generate huge pulses of energy...
从星体的两极喷射出来
beams of radiation blasting out of
the star's north and south poles.
这样的中子星叫做脉冲星
This neutron star is called a pulsar.
蟹状星云中心就有一颗脉冲星
There's one of these things in
the centre of the Crab Nebula.
一千年前一颗超新星在哪里爆♥炸♥
The place where there was a supernova
explosion about a thousand years ago...
它是转速最快的脉冲星之一
and it's one of the
fastest-spinning of these objects.
这是射电望远镜记录的
This is the actual sound a pulsar makes
脉冲星发出的声音
recorded by radio telescope.
它会以每秒30次的频率
It will flash 30 times a second
持续闪烁数百万年
for millions of years.
但脉冲星并不是超新星所能留下的
But pulsars aren't the strangest thing
最奇特东西
a supernova can leave behind.
当比太阳大30倍的恒星爆♥炸♥时
When stars 30 times bigger
than our sun explode,
会产生一种中子星, 叫磁星
they produce a type of
neutron star called a magnetar.
磁星比脉冲星更为奇异
Magnetars are even weirder than pulsars
它能产生强大磁场
and generate powerful magnetic fields.
最极端, 磁场能达到10至15…
Now, in the most extreme case, the
magnetic field can be 10 to the 15,
是地球磁场的100万亿倍
you know, a hundred trillion times
the magnetic field of the Earth.
磁力之大, 能在数千哩外…
That's so strong, it would suck
the iron right out of your blood
将我们血液中的铁吸走
from thousands of miles away.
但脉冲星和磁星都不是…
But even pulsars and magnetars
aren't the most dangerous objects
超新星所能留下最危险的东西
a supernova can leave behind.
当特大质量星的内核塌缩时
When the core of a
super-massive star collapses,
不仅压缩原子, 还会压缩时空
it doesn't just crush atoms, it
crushes space and time itself.
这时超新星就会创造出黑洞
And that is when a supernova
creates a black hole.
当比太阳重100倍的恒星爆♥炸♥时
When stars over 100 times
heavier than our sun explode...
形成的超新星爆♥炸♥非常巨大
they make a supernova
explosion so big...
科学家们称之为超超新星
scientists call them hypernovas.
超超新星几乎引发第三次世界大战
And it was a hypernova that
almost started World War III.
1963年美苏同意禁止核武器试验
In 1963, the US and Soviet Union
agreed to ban testing nuclear weapons.
为了密切监视俄♥国♥人的动向
To keep tabs on the Russians,
美国发射了间谍卫星
the US launched spy satellites.
当听到来自太空深处的这种声音
When they heard this sound
coming from deep space,
他们怀疑发生最坏的情况
they suspected the worst.
美国政♥府♥发射了维拉号♥卫星
The United States government
launched... the Vela satellite
来探测核爆♥炸♥
looking for nuclear detonations.
他们在外层空间看到了这些巨大爆♥炸♥
And then, looking in outer space, they
saw these monster explosions take place.
军方想: 天哪, 俄♥国♥人
And the military thought,
"Oh, my God, the Russians,
俄♥国♥人在太空试验秘密核武器
the Russians are testing
secret atomic weapons in space."
但这些不是秘密原♥子♥弹♥试验
But these weren't
secret atomic bomb tests
也跟俄♥国♥人毫无关系
and the Russians had
nothing to do with them.
他们开始寻找辐射的来源
They begin to look at where
this radiation came from.
它来自整个银河系和银河系之外
It came from all over the
galaxy, beyond the galaxy.
俄♥国♥人不可能将爆♥炸♥物
Now, there's no way the Russians
could shoot explosions in outer space
发射到银河系以外的外层空间
beyond the galaxy.
于是人们开始意识到这是全新事物
And then people began to realise that we
were staring something new in the face.
这些超强爆♥炸♥释放出的高能量辐射
They were super-powerful
explosions of high energy radiation
叫伽马射线暴
called gamma-ray bursts.
问题是它们来自哪里?
The question was where
did they come from?
答案是爆♥炸♥的超超新星
The answer was exploding hypernovas.
在普通的超新星爆♥炸♥中
During a regular supernova explosion,
引力将星体内核压缩成中子星
gravity crushes a star's
core into a neutron star.
但在超超新星爆♥炸♥, 星体大得多
But during a hypernova explosion,
the giant star is so much bigger
令引力将内核压缩成更奇异的东西
that gravity crushes the core
into something much stranger.
黑洞
A black hole.
黑洞立即开始吞噬恒星的其它部分
And the black hole immediately begins
to devour the dying star around it.
剩下部分不能被细小黑洞全部吸收
The rest of the star can't all go in
that little bitty hole in the middle.
它开始旋转, 形成吸积盘
It starts to swirl around...
and it forms an accretion disc...
每秒向黑洞提供
which is feeding the black hole
相当于地球质量100万倍的食物
at about a million
Earth masses a second.
将会发生戏剧性变化是理所当然的
And so as you might imagine, something
dramatic is gonna happen here.