地球未知档案：宇宙时光机（2023）

“太阳系外还有其他宜居星球吗？”
"Are there other habitable planets outside our solar system?"
“生命是地球独有的吗？”
"Is life unique to planet Earth?"
哈勃和地面望远镜 ‎给了我们一个重要的开始
Hubble and ground-based telescopes have given us an important start.
但我们必须走得更远
But we must go farther,
还有新一代太空望远镜
and the Next Generation Space Telescope,
新一代太空望远镜 ‎会是我们迈出的下一步
NGST, will be the next great step taken.
那就是后来的 ‎詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜
That's what ended up being the James Webb Space Telescope.
韦伯是个大飞跃 ‎是超越所有任务的巨大飞跃
Webb is such a leap.It's the biggest leap of any mission,
是所有维度的巨大提升
in terms of just the magnitude of improvements in all dimensions.
这就像是所有望远镜之母
This is like the mother of all telescopes.
显然有十个奇迹需要发生
It was clear that there's ten miracles that needed to happen.
完全没有人做过的全新科技
Entirely new technologies that nobody had ever done.
一个全新的探测器
A totally new detector,
全新的电子系统让镜聚光
totally new electronic system that focused the mirrors,
十个
ten of those.
其中一个最重要数字的是
One of the most important numbers is,
“你有多少个单点失效？”
"How many single point failures do you have?"
单点失效就是需要成功的一件小事
A single point failure is a single thing that needs to happen
如果没有成功 整个任务就会失败
that, if it's not happening, the whole mission is a failure.
导航已确认降落伞已部署
Navigation confirmed that the parachute has deployed
我们看到了明显的减速
and we are seeing significant deceleration.
降落在火星上 ‎大概有80到90个单点失效
Landing on Mars is something like 80 to 90,
是我们做过的最冒险的事之一
which is one of the riskiest things we've ever done.
韦伯的情况要糟糕三到四倍
Webb is three to four times worse.
很美 迈克 真的
Oh, it's beautiful, Mike, it really is.
他们现在把旗升起来了 ‎可以看到星星和条纹
They've got the flag up now, and you can see the stars and stripes.
就单点失效而言 比阿波罗更糟糕
In terms of the single point failures,worse than Apollo.
所以我们有多少单点失效？ ‎答案是344个
So, how many single point failures do we have?The answer is 344.
这是有史以来最大的
It's the largest number of single point failures
单点失效数量
of any mission ever done.
这就是个不可能完成的项目
It's like, you know, just an impossible project.
这个行业总是有未知的未知 ‎我们知道
There's always unknown unknowns in this business, we know it.
技术上 最终一切都是我的责任
In the end, you know, technically, it will all fall on my shoulders.
你用你手中的数据做出最佳决定
You just make the best decision you can with the data that you have available,
但你意识到...‎这些决定总是有一点风险
but you recognize that... there's always a bit of risk to some of these decisions.
凯蒂？ ‎-我在
Cat? - Yeah.
别激动 小鬼
Oh, lighten... lighten up, killer.
在过去24年里 ‎我一直专注于这项任务
For the past 24 years, I've been focused on this mission.
某种程度上说 有点像我第二个孩子
It's like a, you know, a second child in a... in a way.
我的孩子们从九岁或四岁起
My children have known nothing but the James Webb Space Telescope
生活中听到的全都是 ‎詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜
since they were about nine or four.
我儿子现在30岁了 我女儿28岁
My son is 30 now, and my daughter's 28.
你必须担心的是 如果出了问题
The fear that... that you have to have is, if something goes wrong,
就会有媒体、政客什么的
there's going to be the press,you know, the politicians, whatever.
他们会把抹黑你的名声
They're gonna drag your name through the mud.
他会担心一切 ‎其实这是曼塞尔家的基因
He worries about everything. It's a... It's a Menzel gene, actually.
他们担心每一件小事
They worry about every little thing.
他晚上睡不好
He's not sleeping well at night.
所有这些单点失效都可能出错
All these single point failure things that could go wrong,
你担心这些 就...
you do worry about those, and, you know...
没错 我确实担心 ‎没错 团队也担心 所以...
Damn right, I do. Damn right, the team does, so...
我们要专注于它们 保持警觉
That's why we put vigilance on 'em, we put focus on 'em.
这些是当时所谓的
These are some of the original concepts
新一代太空望远镜的一些原始概念
on, uh, what was then called the Next Generation Space Telescope.
镜越大 能聚集的光线越多
The bigger the mirror, the more light you're collecting.
所以要真正看到第一缕光 ‎就一定要大
So, to actually see first light, you're going to have to be big.
我们有五个关注的概念 ‎这是原始的一个
We had five... five concepts that we looked at.This was, uh, an original one.
这些设计的细节才会出问题
The devil in these designs are in the details,
所以你要进入细节工程才行
so it isn't until you get to, you know, some detailed engineering
到这种程度才能找到问题
that looks like this, that you find the problems.
最明显的问题是
The most obvious problem,
它的直径比运载它的火箭大
its... its diameter is bigger than the diameter of the rocket that carries it.
所以你要把它折起来
So you have to fold it up.
我们的部署让主镜堆叠起来
We had deployments that had the primary mirror segments stacked,
看起来就像一个电唱机
almost like a record player.
我们其中一个概念是部署主镜
And then one of the concepts that we had was, uh, to deploy the primary mirror
用两张看起来像连墙桌的叶片
using two leaves that look like a drop table,
这就是我们现在做的
which is what we're doing now.
我们的初步设计评审是在2008年
Our preliminary design review was 2008,
那时起 望远镜 ‎开始看起来像如今的样子了
and that's where the telescope starts really looking like what we have today.
这不是韦伯的最佳模型之一
It's not one of the best models of Webb,
但已经足够能给多数人展示特点了
but it's good enough to show most people the features.
这是主镜 星光进入
There's the primary mirror. Starlight comes in,
照到主镜 聚焦到次镜
hits the primary mirror, gets focused down to the secondary mirror,
再送入这个黑色棱锥结构
and gets sent into this, uh, black pyramidal structure.
然后再回到仪器这里
After that, it goes back here where the instruments are.
摄像头 分光仪...
The cameras, the spectrometers...
抱歉 这个胶有点松了
I'm sorry, the... the glue is coming a little loose on this,
但这里这个是遮光板
but this right here is the sunshield.
遮光板阻挡了来自太阳、地球 ‎和月亮的光
The sunshield blocks out the light from the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon.
我们希望我们的望远镜保持冷态
We want our telescope to be cold,
不会比它要观测的微弱的星星更亮
so that it doesn't glow brighter than the faint stars it's looking at.
在344个单点失效项目中
Of the 344 single point failure items,
225个与遮光板的部署有关
225 are associated with the sunshield deployment.
那是一次前所未有的部署
That is a never-before-done deployment.
首先发生的是
The first thing that happens,
你们看到的两侧的两个大托盘
those two big pallets that you see on each side,
把一个折下去 然后折另一个
fold down one, then fold down the other.
它们托着遮光板的折叠层
They're holding the folded layers of the sunshield.
然后一个非常复杂的 ‎滑轮和张力电机系统
Then a very complex system of pulleys and tensioning motors
在六个顶点中的每一个都展开遮光板
expand the sunshield at each of the six vertices.
我们会分别拉紧这五层中的每一层
And we will individually tension each of those five layers
来获得正确的 ‎彼此之间连接的形状和位置
to get not only the right shape,but the right position, relative to each other.
有34个单点失效
There are 34 single point failure items
与五层的拉紧有关
associated with the tensioning of the five layers.
第二层 三个数后开始 三、二、一...
Layer two, on three, two, one...
这个太空任务
The thing that's really different from this space mission
和之前其他任务真正的不同 ‎是它的脆弱
to pretty much any other space mission ever done, is how flimsy it is.
这不是金属片
It's not a piece of metal.
更像是折起来的伞
It's more like a folded-up umbrella.
我们进行了三个全面部署
We did three full-scale deployments,
不断折叠导致遮光板磨损
and the refolding put wear and tear on the sunshield.
遮光板的磨损 ‎到了我们说“不行”的地步
The tearing of the sunshield that we were seeing got to the point where we said, "No."
“现在该停止测试和过度测试了”
"It's time to stop testing and overtesting."
当你处理大的片状东西
When you're doing things like, you know, large sheets,
数公里的电缆 可能会纠缠起来
it's miles of cables, things that can get tangled,
在零重力环境下 电缆可能会 ‎到你不想让它们在的地方
can go in places you don't want them to in zero-G.
很多环节都可能出错
You can think of a thousand things that can go wrong.
我们把它揉碎、折叠 ‎我们要把它放到火箭上
We bust it up, fold it up, we're going to put it on a rocket,
然后我们在太空里用电脑控制重建它
and then we're going to literally rebuild it robotically in space,
这是之前从没做过的
and that's, uh... that's never been done before.
发射14天后 我们锁定主镜的两边
Fourteen days after launch, we latch both sides of the primary mirror.
和主镜相关的有十个单点失效
There are ten single point failure items associated with the primary mirror,
每个侧翼上五个
five for each wing.
有18个单独的部分是建立镜的好方法
Having 18 individual segments was a good way to build the mirror.
每个镜都可以移♥动♥
Each individual mirror's movable.
这能帮助我们定位每个六边形
That helps us to position each of those hexagons
来用电脑控制 聚焦到我们的望远镜
to robotically focus our telescope.
它要去距离地球 ‎大约160万公里的地方
It's going out about a million miles away from the Earth,
比月球远四倍
four times farther than the Moon.
你不希望望远镜在低温下
You don't want the telescope cracking, breaking,
裂开、破碎
when it gets down to cryogenic temperatures.
美国宇航局在约翰逊航♥天♥中心
NASA actually retrofitted
改造了最大的冷冻舱
the biggest Cryovac chamber down at Johnson Space Center.
之前是阿波罗时代用的
It was used for Apollo era.
花了好几年 ‎才能容纳这个巨大望远镜
It took years to be able to accommodate this huge telescope.
它有三层楼的高度 做温度测试
It's the size of a three-story building,tested at temperatures, you know,
在零下223度表现良好
at 50 degrees above absolute zero, and it worked great.
这简直是奇迹
That's almost miraculous.
戈达德上演人们期待已久的
There was this awesome day at Goddard