PBS. 新星.平行世界-平行生命（2007）

Yeah that sounds like a ringing endorsement.
是的 听起来像是绝对的认可
Hugh arrived at Princeton,in 1953,at the age of 22.
休于1953年进入普利斯顿 当时22岁
After a year studying math,he was persuaded to switch to
经过一年数学学习 他被劝说转到
the far more glamorous quantum mechanics.
光鲜耀眼得多的量子力学专业
The man who was the catalyst was
促成这一切的就是他的新导师
Professor John Wheeler,his new mentor.
约翰·惠勒教授
Wheeler was keen on a particular experiment.
惠勒热衷于一个奇怪的实验
理查德·费曼教授的讲座
It's called the "double slit" experiment,
这个实验叫做"双缝"实验
and physics professors love it,
物理学教授很喜欢这项实验
because it's the perfect way to
因为这是展示微粒
demonstrate the weird quantum behavior of tiny particles.
奇怪的量子行为的最佳办法
I'm going to tell you what nature behaves like,
我要告诉你们 自然是什么样子的
and if you will simply admit that maybe she behaves like this,
如果你们能大方承认她就是这个样子
you will find her a delightful,entrancing thing.
你就会发现 她多么悦人 迷人
So,that's the way to look at the lectures,
这就是听这次讲座的方法
not to try and understand.
不要尝试去理解
I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics.
我觉得我可以肯定 没人理解量子力学
Here at Princeton,Mark is going to be shown the double slit experiment
在普利斯顿 马克将要看到双缝实验
by laboratory demonstrator Ye Ma.
由实验员叶马演示
You made it,huh?
你来了
I made it.
是啊
Alright,so you want to see this experiment?
好 那你想看看这项实验吗
Yeah,lay it on me.
是的 放马过来
Ok,so let's...
好啊 那我们就
See if you can make me understand quantum physics.
看看你能否让我理解量子力学
It's a challenge,but I accept it. Okay,
这是个挑战 但是我接受 好的
what we have here is a black box,
我们这里有一个黑箱
but inside it's rather simple.
但里面结构很简单
Here is a laser.
这是一束激光
Is this laser going to blow my eyes out or anything?
这个激光会让我的眼睛爆出来吗
No,they are very...
不会的 它们很
I went to a Who concert in seventh grade
我7年级的时候去听演唱会
and the laser when right in my eyes,
一道激光射进我的眼睛
and I've had to wear glasses ever since.
从那以后我一直都得戴眼镜
I see. Usually,we don't see the laser beam in the air,
明白 通常我们在空气中看不到激光束
so we have a way of showing it. You see that?
因此我们有一种方法让它出现 你看到了吗
Oh. There it is.
那就是激光
The laser beam is made up of tiny particles of light called photons.
激光束由光的微粒 也就是光子构成
Photons behave similarly to electrons,
光子的特性和电子很相似
but because we can actually see photons as light,
但是由于我们能以光的形式看到光子
they're ideal for this experiment.
它们就成了这项实验的理想材料
The laser beam is filtered
激光束经过滤光片
so single photons fire off one at a time.
每次都会只发射出单个光子
The individual particles then arrive
然后单个粒子会通过
at a plastic barrier with two narrow slits.
有两道狭缝的塑料屏
On the other side is a sensitive camera to show
另一边有一台高灵敏度照相机
where the photons end up.
来显示光子的落点
What do you expect?
你觉得会看到什么
You expect will hit two spot here like that,
你觉得会看到这里有两个亮点
or you expect the photon will go all over the map?
还是光子会分布于整个光屏
What do you expect? We have two slits here.
你觉得呢 这里有两道缝
The choices are all over the map or...
选择是分布于整个光屏或者
Just two spots.
只有两个点
Just the two spots?
只有两个点
Exactly. Mark is using his common sense.
就是这样 马克利用常识得出结论
Imagine this experiment was blown up to a much larger scale,
想象一下 在宏观世界进行这个实验
so that the particles are tennis balls.
粒子变成网球
And a machine is firing the tennis balls at a barrier with two gaps in it.
一台机器向有着两条缝隙的挡板发射网球
Of course,you'd expect to find the balls
你当然会认为
hitting the back wall in two places
所有的球都会打到
in line with the two slits.
两条缝所投影在后壁上的位置
But when our experiment is done with individual photons from the laser,
然而利用光子进行实验时
something very different happens.
却发生了不同寻常的事
Okay,you see screen up there?
你看到上面那个屏幕了吗
That's what we see from the camera.
那就是我们从相机中看到的
See those individual flashes?
看到那些独♥立♥的光点了吗
Oh,yeah. Yeah.
是呀
Those are the photons.
那些就是光子
Each flash of light is actually an individual photon
每个光点就是一个独♥立♥的光子
hitting the back wall.
打在光屏上
They appear to be landing all over the place.
看起来布满了整个光屏
But watch over time and a pattern emerges.
但经过一段时间 就有规律出现
Can you see somewhere in the middle of the screen?
你能看到屏幕中间那儿吗
It looks like a smudge.
像一个污迹
Yeah,it looks like smudge. Those are the photon...
的确 那些就是光子
where the photon hits,
就是光子打到的地方
but it's not two as we would expect.
但并不是如我们所想的两个点
Is that weird?
奇怪吗
Yes. So why is that?
是呀 为什么呢
That's right,why is that?
这就是问题 为什么呢
Instead of the two bands that you'd expect,
和你想象的两条光带不同
a series of smudges appears.
出现了一系列光斑
It turns out that some photons land in a place
结果是 有些光子在后壁上的落点
on the back wall that would be physically impossible
按理来说是不可能实现的
if they had traveled straight through just one of the slits.
如果它们只是沿直线通过双缝之一
So,on the quantum level,
因此 在量子级上
particles like photons don't always act like tennis balls.
光子一类的粒子和网球所表现的特性不同
Instead,the pattern of photons matches
光子的分布却和
what you'd get if you sent waves of water through the slits.
水波通过双缝所造成的效果类似
It looks as if,while it's traveling,
看起来似乎是光子在行进过程中
each photon spreads out into a wave,
每个光子都转化为波
passes through both slits,
同时通过两个缝隙
then interferes with itself on the way to the back wall,
并且与自身进行干涉
where once again it acts like a particle,
然后再次展现出粒子的特性
showing up in just one spot.
只留下一个光点
Could this mean that,as it travels,
这是否意味着 当光子移♥动♥时
the photon goes through both slits?
同时通过了两条缝隙呢
That it's in two places at once?
也就是 同时处于两地
Now you're blowing my mind.
这下你可让我震惊了
Good,that's our job to do,to blow people's mind.
那就好 那就是我们的工作 让人感到吃惊
So,make you think,right?
引人思考 是吗
Hoo. My brain hurts
是啊 真头疼
Okay.
好的
I wish I was back home playing my guitar.
我希望自己这会儿在家弹吉他
And it's not just photons that behave like this.
不仅仅是光子会这样
The double slit experiment has been replicated
用电子和原子进行双缝实验
with electrons and with atoms.
结果也一样
So you might wonder,if we are made up of atoms,
于是你可能会想 既然我们是由原子构成
and if atoms could be in two places at the same time,
而原子可以同时出现在两个空间
why couldn't we?
为什么我们不能呢
One man thought he had the answer,
有个人认为他知道答案
the godfather of quantum mechanics,Niels Bohr.
量子力学之父尼尔斯·玻尔
玻尔教授和他的助手们在实验室里
He'd won the Nobel Prize for his research into the atom.
他因对原子内部的研究获得了诺贝尔奖
By the 1950s,Bohr had replaced Einstein
到19世纪50年代 玻尔替代了爱因斯坦
As the giant of the physics world.
成为了物理界的巨人
For a student to challenge him,he'd have to be
如果有学生想要挑战他
very naive or very arrogant.
那学生必然非常天真 或者非常自大
It could be argued that Hugh Everett was both.
可以说 休·埃弗特两者兼备
Yeah,that's me and Hale,and this is Niels Bohr.
那是我和霍尔 这个是尼尔斯·玻尔
This photograph was taken when Bohr visited Princeton.
这张照片摄于玻尔访问普林斯顿之时
The other men are Hugh's fellow students,
其他人是休的同学们
who've come back to Princeton for their own private reunion.
回到普利斯顿参加校友聚会
Notice that everyone is wearing gowns.
看到了吗 每个人都穿着长袍
That was required in those days.
当时这是必须的
Yeah,those were our dinner gowns.
是啊 那是我们的晚宴服
You had to wear,at dinner you had to wear the gowns?
你们必须穿吗 晚餐的时候穿长袍
You had to wear dinner gowns. There was a big fight about them.
必须穿 当时大家为此还大吵了一架
Lucky you didn't have to wear the powdered wigs.
还好不用戴擦了粉的假发
They were also convenient for the occasional sneaking in of a female,such as it was.
也方便偶尔有女生溜进来