与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S01E08

Part 2 April 19, 2021, 2:25 p.m.

他安坐椅中，等待
Then he sat back and waited
等着看他的宇宙机器是否能够建立起一个星系
to see if his cosmology machine could build a galaxy
就像我们现在所见的星系
like the ones we see.
如果你试图利用我们所见的材料
What happens if you try to make a galaxy in a computer
构建一个星系会发生什么事？
using simply the material that we can see?
发生的情况是，你以失败告终
What happens is, you end up with a failed galaxy.
恒星出现，演变
Stars form, they evolve,
最大的恒星们出现超新星爆发
the biggest ones explode as supernovae,
它们放射出如此多的能量
and they inject so much energy.
但是，没有足够的引力
But there just isn't enough gravity
无法使这些气体凝聚
to keep these gases together,
于是星系分崩离析不可避免
so the galaxy essentially blows itself apart.
气体消散，只有少量残余
The gas dissipates, leaving very little behind.
我们的宇宙不是这样形成的
This is not how our Universe is made.
于是卡罗斯开始在他的公式中加入暗物质
So Carlos started to add Dark Matter to his equations --
开始是一点，然后更多
first a little, then more,
最终增加到普通物质的5倍
and eventually five times as much of it as visible matter.
几周之后
After several weeks,
宇宙机器中出现了奇怪的现象
something strange came out of the cosmology machine --
奇怪之处在于它很熟悉
strange because it was so familiar.
这是星系形成过程的计算机模拟
This is a computer simulation of the formation of the galaxy,
现在有暗物质的作用还有气体，在这儿，用绿色标出
now with invisible Dark Matter and gas, shown here in green.
这是宇宙大爆♥炸♥后10亿年的情况
About a billion years after the Big Bang,
一丛丛的暗物质
clumps of Dark Matter formed.
气体附着在这些暗物质丛中形成了恒星
Gas fell into these clumps, turning to stars.
被暗物质的引力吸引
But attracted by the force of Dark Matter --
不可见的暗物质，引力
invisible Dark Matter, gravity --
这些暗物质丛合并起来
these clumps came together,
熔合成更大的结构
fused to build ever larger structures,
100亿年之后
so that 10 billion years later,
一个好像我们银河系的美丽螺旋形星系建立起来了
a beautiful spiral galaxy like our Milky Way was formed.
卡罗斯展示了
Carlos has shown
在充满暗物质的条件下星系可以建立起来
that galaxies should form when filled with Dark Matter.
但是，有什么方法能够证明
But is there any way to prove
这些过程♥真♥的发生了？
that this is what actually happened?
爱丁堡，苏格兰
In Edinburgh, Scotland,
理查德·梅西仍然在试图回答这个问题
Richard Massey is still trying to answer that question
并且研究新的探测暗物质的方法
and is pioneering a new way of detecting Dark Matter --
引力透镜
gravitational lensing.
感谢这位天才
It's all thanks to the genius of this man.
爱因斯坦利用新的方法观察空间
Albert Einstein saw space in a new way --
空间在引力作用下可以弯曲
as a bendable, malleable material
能够延展
that is influenced by gravity.
任何具有质量的物体——一个星球或者星系
Anything that has mass -- a star or a galaxy --
都会造成旁边的空间弯曲产生类似透镜的效果
can bend the fabric of space and act like a lens.
由于空间弯曲旁边光线的路径也随之弯曲
As it bends space, so the light traveling past it is also bent.
暗物质并不反射光线
Dark Matter doesn't reflect light,
它不吸收光线也不发射光线
it doesn't absorb light, it doesn't emit light.
光线仅仅是经过不发生变化
Light just passes straight through it unaffected.
所以我们需要研究别的什么因素
So we have to look for something else --
它影响外界的方式，引力
the way it affects, gravitationally,
它周围那些我们可以看到的东西
things around it that we can see.
现在，在扭曲时空中
Now, this idea of light being deflected and bent
光线会被影响和弯曲的理论听起来很疯狂
by warped space-time sounds crazy,
但实际上它很常见
but actually it's very familiar.
我们时常看到光线弯曲
We see light being bent all the time --
每次你透过酒瓶瓶底看的时候
every time you look through the bottom of a wineglass.
让我告诉你我到底在说什么
Let me show you what I mean.
虽然酒瓶底是透明的
Although the bottom of the wineglass is transparent
而且光也直接穿过它
and light passes straight through it, you know it's there
你可以通过背景中扭曲的图像了解到这点
because of these distorted images in the background.
暗物质也起到同样的作用
Dark Matter is exactly the same.
它通过一个不同的物理效应弯曲了光线
It bends light, through a different physical effect,
但是最终的结果是一样的——如果在我们和遥远的星系之间
but the net result is the same -- that these images
存在暗物质
of very distinct galaxies appear distorted
那么这些遥远星系的图像看上去就会扭曲
whenever there's some Dark Matter in front of them.
两年来
For two years,
理查德领导着一个由国际天文学家组成的研究小组
Richard has been leading a team of international astronomers
通过一系列望远镜
and directing a fleet of telescopes
搜索夜空中的一个区域
to scour one section of the night sky
寻找一丝可见的引力透镜效应
for every single visible gravitational lens arc.
我们这里所见的就是引力透镜效果
So, what we're seeing here is gravitational lensing in action.
这些黄色部分
All of the yellow blobs that we see are galaxies
是一组距离我们很近的星系
in a group which are fairly near to us.
这些奇怪的形状这些弧线
These strange shapes, these arcs,
实际上是非常遥远的星系
are actually very distant galaxies,
从遥远星系过来的光线
and the light from those distant galaxies
必须经过这些黄色♥区♥域旁边
has to pass nearer the yellow blobs,
也就是前景的星系
which are foreground galaxies.
因为这些近距的星系弯曲了空间
And because they bend space,
遥远星系过来的光线也弯曲了
they bend the light rays from the distant galaxies,
造成了遥远星系的图像
distorting their images
变成了这些环形弧状的模式
into these circular, arclike patterns.
但是当理查德计算
But when Richard runs calculations
遥远星系光线的弯曲程度
on the amount the light from the distant galaxies is bent
并将之与前景星系的可见质量的效应进行对比
and compares it to the visible mass of the foreground galaxies,
他发现产生实际效应所需的质量要比可见的质量大得多
he finds it's warped much more than it should be.
他的结论？
His conclusion?
所有这些星系
An invisible shroud of Dark Matter
肯定被不可见的暗物质包围了
must engulf all the galaxies.
从它们产生的引力透镜效应
From the amount of gravitational lensing they produce,
我们发现大概存在
we find that there's about five times as much
5倍于正常物质的暗物质
of this Dark Matter as there is the ordinary material.
所以，我们能见的只是宇宙的冰山一角
So what we can see is but the tip of an iceberg
还存在大量的暗物质
in the Universe -- most of it is Dark Matter.
在天文学家观察的各处
Everywhere astronomers look,
他们开始感觉到暗物质的影响
they are starting to sense the heavy presence of Dark Matter.
但是理查德·梅西要向前迈一大步
But Richard Massey is about to go a huge step further
首次描绘这些宇宙巨人们
and take the first picture of this cosmic giant.
当他做这些工作时
And when he does, we've discovered
我们已经发现
that Dark Matter is more important to us
暗物质的作用要比我们想象的更重要
than we ever imagined.
天文学家李察·梅西已经花了数年时间
Astronomer richard massey has spent several years
试图证明暗物质的存在
trying to prove the existence of dark matter,
这是一种隐形物质，似乎会在宇宙中的
an invisible substance that seems to form a shroud
每个星系周围形成一个围墙
around every galaxy in the cosmos.
他正在探索宇宙小角落里的
He's exploring one small corner of the universe
一个令人难以置信的细节
in incredible detail
试图制♥作♥第一张黑暗物质地图
in an attempt to make the first-ever map of dark matter.
这是一幅描绘天空的真正作品
This is a real picture of the sky.
哈勃太空望远镜发现了难以置信的大量星系
The Hubble Space Telescope sees an incredible number of galaxies
精确度达到了分
with minute precision.
所以我们可以非常精确的测量它们的形状
So we're able to measure their shapes very accurately,
这是这些外形的扭曲星空
and it's the distortion in those shapes
来自这些星系的光线
when the light from those galaxies is bent
在经过暗物质的时候，被扭曲了
on its way to us, past Dark Matter,
我们可以利用这些现象绘制宇宙不可见的部分
that lets us map out the invisible part of the Universe.
由于射向地球的光线扭曲
As it bends its way towards Earth,
经过了一个又一个星系
past galaxy after galaxy,
光线就标识出宇宙暗物质分布的等位线
that light traces the contours of a cosmic map of Dark Matter.
以宇宙的一个部分为研究对象
For one section of the Universe,
他将不可见转化为可见
he's rendered the invisible visible.
史上首次这张地图，3D的
For the first time, this is the map, in 3-D,
这是宇宙的真实面貌
of what the Universe actually looks like --
这是宇宙的主要构成成分
what the main constituents of the Universe are.
如果有些外星人来到我们的宇宙
And if some alien were to come to our Universe
开始观察周围
and start to look around
如果他能够看到我们宇宙的所有成分
and if he could see all of the constituents of our Universe,
他会说，“俺看到滴就是这样”
this is what he will say it would look like.
这是暗物质宇宙汤
It's a cosmic soup of Dark Matter.