与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S01E02

Part 4 April 19, 2021, 2:23 p.m.

当气体落到超质量黑洞上时
You can see a supermassive black hole
你能看到它
when gas is falling onto it.
在气体落在它上面那一刻
And sort of right before the gas falls into it,
它会加热，释放出大量能量
it gets heated up and emits a lot of energy
会变得非常亮
and can appear really bright.
但是当朱莉研究这些环绕在
But when Julie investigates the glowing gas
巨大黑洞周围的发亮气体时
surrounding these giant black holes,
想象不到的事发生了
she finds something totally unexpected.
在无法想象的尺度上
There's a cosmic dance going on
宇宙舞蹈在持续不停
on a scale that's almost unimaginable.
你看到了2个光峰，而不是1个
You saw two peaks in the light instead of just one.
你期望从星系中的黑洞
You'd expect one from one black hole
观测到1个光峰
that's just sitting at rest in its galaxy,
可我们却看到2个，速度还不同
but we saw two peaks with different velocities.
这立即引起我们兴趣
And that immediately hit us,
这一定是有意思的事情
as this has got to be something interesting.
朱莉在思考
Julie began thinking
如果两个星系碰撞会怎样
about what would happen when two galaxies collide.
如果它们中心都有黑洞又如何？
And if both had black holes at their centers,
这些超重小老头儿会发生什么事？
what would happen to those massive objects?
当两个星系碰撞
So, when two galaxies collide,
它们中心的黑洞
the black holes at their center --
不会迎头碰撞
instead of crashing in head-on,
它们开始旋转，开始跳舞
they begin this swirl, or dance.
我们观测这些跳华尔兹的黑洞的方法
And the way that we can detect these waltzing black holes
是观测射出的光
is by looking at the light that's emitted from them.
对于向我们移♥动♥的黑洞
So, for the black hole that's moving towards us,
我们探测到较短波长的光
we detect light that is at smaller wavelengths,
压缩在一起，我们看到蓝移的光
scrunched up together, so we see bluer light.
对于正在远离我们的黑洞
And for the black hole that's moving away from us,
我们看到拉开来，波长较长的光
we see stretched-out, longer-wavelength light
红移的光
that appears redder.
偏红和偏蓝的光
So it's this redder and bluer light
是黑洞华尔兹的标志
that is a telltale signature of a black-hole waltz.
每次我们看到这些光
Every time we see it,
我们就在观测室里击掌相庆
we high-five in the observation room,
你无法克制
and you just can't get over it.
朱莉扫描了宇宙
As Julie scans the universe,
她发现同样的标志性舞蹈
she finds the same remarkable dance
在一个又一个星系
happening time and time again.
一次次的重复上演
In galaxy after galaxy,
黑洞出双入对
black holes are paired up
激♥情♥共舞
and dancing the cosmic night away.
我们研究了90个星系
So, we identified 90 galaxies
最老的有宇宙的一半年纪
from when the universe was half its present age,
我们发现，32个，约三分之一
and we found that fully 32 of them, or about a third,
有红-蓝标志，成对的黑洞
had black holes that exhibited this blue-and-red signature.
我们很惊讶
So that was really surprising
如此高比例的黑洞
that such a high fraction of the black holes
并不是待在星系中心静止不动
were not stationary at the center of the galaxy at all,
而是在和别的黑洞跳华尔兹
that they were undergoing this waltz with another black hole.
珍娜·李文这样的科学家相信
Scientists like Janna Levin believe
华尔兹黑洞的发现
the discovery of waltzing black holes
开创了一个研究它们内部的新方法
opens up a whole new way to learn what's inside them,
因为它们的舞姿也许不仅是可见的
because their dance might not only be visible.
舞姿也许是可听的
It could also be audible.
科学前瞻者，爱因斯坦
The scientific visionary Albert Einstein
发现时间和空间是有弹性的材料
saw space and time as a flexible material
能够被引力扭曲
that could be distorted by gravity.
黑洞是材料上的一个非常深的井
A black hole is merely a very deep well in this material.
当两个黑洞彼此靠近
When two black holes come close to one another,
这两个旋转的井
these two orbiting wells
搅拌时空散发出波
stir up space-time and send out ripples
清晰传播
that can travel clear across the universe.
这些波以光速旅行
And these waves will move out through the universe,
穿越整个宇宙
traveling at the speed of light.
我们虽然不能看到黑洞
So we can hope to not see black holes with light
但也许，换种方法，听它们
but maybe, in some sense, hear them
如果我们能够接收到
if we can pick up the wobbling
黑洞本身的摆动
of the fabric of space-time itself.
过去几年里
For the past several years,
珍娜和她的同事试图预测
Janna and her colleagues have been trying to predict
黑洞彼此环绕时发出的声音
the sounds black holes make as they spin around one another.
计算不是胆小鬼能胜任的
The calculations are not for the faint of heart.
宇宙中两个巨无霸相遇，在时空之海中掀起风暴
Modeling what happens when two giant objects
要建模描述这样复杂的情况
create a storm in the sea of space-time
需要高深的数学和几个月的超级运算
takes some serious math and months of supercomputing.
这是一个小黑洞的轨道
This is the orbit of a small black hole
围绕着一个大黑洞
around a bigger black hole,
它的声音和敲鼓差不多
and it's literally making a knocking sound on the drum,
鼓就是时空本身
where the drum is space-time itself.
呃，它实际上听上去像——像是敲击声
Well, it really sounds like -- sounds like a knocking.
当它飞近大黑洞
It starts to get a higher frequency and happen faster,
频率会变高
until it falls into the big black hole
声音加快
and goes down the throat.
两个黑洞转作一团
And then the two will ring out together
合二为一
and form one black hole at the end of the day.
这时，你知道，“啵”的一声
And then it just sort of, you know, "brr," chirps up.
由于黑洞
Because black holes
对它们周围的时空影响如此之大
stir up the space and time around them so much,
一个黑洞环绕另一个的轨道
the orbit of one black hole around another
和地球绕日的轨道看上去完全不同
looks nothing like the orbit of Earth around the sun.
一个轨道滑向黑洞
An orbit can come in around a black hole
在它移♥动♥走以前
and do an entire circle as it loops around
环绕一整圈
before it moves out again.
所以，并没有圆形轨道
So instead of getting an oval,
而是一个像三叶苜蓿的形状
you get a three-leaf clover that processes around.
三叶草模式
This cloverleaf pattern
在模拟中持续出现
keeps coming out of the simulations.
珍娜很震惊
Janna was shocked because this picture
因为两个宇宙中质量最大的物体
of how two of the heaviest objects in the universe
彼此环绕的运行
move around one another
看上去和两种质量极小物体
bears an uncanny resemblance to the way
的环绕运行极为相似
two of the lightest objects move around one another --
就像原子里质子和电子的运动模式
the tiny protons and electrons inside an atom.
我们可以建立一个模型，像原子
We can build a kind of classical atom
一个大黑洞，像原子核
out of a big black hole, like a nucleus,
一个小黑洞，像电子
and a light black hole, which acts like an electron.
某种意义上，它们共同形成一个原子
And together, they form a real atom, in a sense.
质量如此之大的一个物体怎么能
How could an object that weighs so much
像一个亚原子粒子那样的小东西一样运行
behave like a subatomic particle that weighs so little?
所谓的普通物体
When we talk about ordinary objects, or people even,
它们之间并不完全相同
they are never exactly the same.
我的意思是，你可以试图克隆一个我
I mean, you could try to clone me,
但也是一个不同的复♥制♥品
and still the different copies of me
不会完全相同
would not be exactly the same.
在这个意义上，人和普通物体
In that sense, people and ordinary objects
不像基本粒子
are not like fundamental particles.
它们是可辨别的
They're distinguishable.
而黑洞却非常不同
But the black hole is quite different from that.
黑洞像是基本粒子
Black holes are like fundamental particles,
这令人吃惊
and that's very surprising
因为黑洞是巨大的，宏观的物体
because they're huge, macroscopic objects.
现在，这个想法只是诱人的直觉
Right now, this idea is only a tantalizing hunch.
不过5年内，超灵敏探测器
But in just five years, super-sensitive detectors
将有能力探测到黑洞互相环绕时
should be able to pick up the ripples in space created
放射出的波信♥号♥♥
by two massive black holes spinning around one another.
它们会告诉我们
And they'll tell us
黑洞是否真的像原子一样运动
whether they really do behave like tiny atoms.
但是这种极大和极小之间的联♥系♥
But this connection between the very big and the very small