与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S01E04

Part 3 April 19, 2021, 2:24 p.m.

这说明大爆♥炸♥具有难以置信的统一性
And that means that the Big Bang was unbelievably uniform.
这很难理解
And that's hard to understand,
因为通常的爆♥炸♥并非这样
because conventional explosions just don't behave that way.
我们在一个起重机上安放了一个气球
We've set up a balloon that's gonna be dropped
它会从很高很高的地方掉下来
from a very high height, up there on a crane.
这个气球装满了颜料
The balloon is filled with paint,
我们来瞅瞅一个典型的爆♥炸♥
and we'll get to see what kind of a splat
会导致什么样的后果
a typical explosion makes.
这是一个典型爆♥炸♥造成的后果
So, this is what a typical explosion might look like,
如你所见，除了“统一”你怎么描述它都行
and as you can see, it's anything but uniform.
斑点到处都是
There are spots here and spots there
空白点缀其中
and white spots in between.
早期的宇宙和这里的景象大不相同
The early Universe was nothing like what's on the canvas here.
阿兰需要一种东西能够立即把爆♥炸♥时出现的
Alan needed something that would immediately smooth out
炽热的，密集的等离子体清除干净
all the hot, dense plasma that had just come into existence.
我考虑了膨胀的说法
I came across this idea of inflation,
在某种条件下，引力能够
the idea that gravity can, under some circumstances,
产生排斥力，在宇宙爆♥炸♥的过程中
act repulsively and produce a gigantic acceleration
产生巨大的加速作用
in the expansion of the Universe,
也许在非常初期的宇宙中
and that this could have happened
发生了这样的情况
in the very early Universe.
膨胀的关键在于
The key idea behind inflation is the possibility
在早期的宇宙至少存在那么一小块
that at least a small patch of the early Universe
这种反引力物质
contained this peculiar kind of repulsive-gravity material.
一小块反引力物质
And all you need is a tiny patch of that,
于是，大爆♥炸♥产生了这样的反引力效果
and the Big Bang starts to do this repulsive-gravity effect.
宇宙膨胀从
Cosmic inflation takes place
万物现身的那一刻就开始了
right after a pop from nothing into something.
大概万亿万亿万亿分之一秒
About one trillion, trillion, trillionth of a second
之后
afterwards,
在大爆♥炸♥后，极度压缩的空间产生那一刻起
a force field takes all the highly compressed space
一个力量场开始起作用
created in that first singular moment,
那时，这个空间还几乎无限之小
which is still almost infinitely small...
这个力量场把空间扩展开来
And drives it out.
非常短的时间之后
A tiny fraction of a second later,
宇宙已经变大了10万倍
the Universe had doubled in size 100,000 times.
另一种图像描绘了这个假说
A different kind of painting illustrates this idea.
我们要绘制时间序列图像
We're going to paint in time-lapse photography
一个生长的球
a growing sphere.
用来代替剖面图就像那个掉下来的气球
Instead of getting the "splot" that we had
画成的那种图形
when we just dropped the balloon,
这里，我们会看到早期宇宙的非常微小的增长
here we should see a very smooth growth of an early Universe.
伴随着这种光滑和有秩序的扩张
With this smooth and orderly expansion,
我们的宇宙成形了
our Universe was formed.
关于膨胀的说法如今已经实际上成为
This idea of inflation has now essentially become
宇宙学的标准版本
the standard version of cosmology,
根据这一理论作出了一系列预测
and it makes a number of predictions
并且已经被证实了
which have been confirmed,
该理论和我们观察到的现象吻合很好
so it agrees very well with what we see.
作为膨胀说的附加
With the addition of inflation,
大爆♥炸♥理论成为了一部不可分割的三幕戏剧
the Big Bang theory became a cohesive three-act play.
第一幕
Act one...
一个奇点，突然出现在
A singularity pops into existence
不知何处和不知何时
out of nowhere and no-when,
只有一个点
containing in one single dot
却凝聚了我们宇宙的所有能量
all the energy that will ever be in our Universe.
第二幕…膨胀突然开始
Act two... Inflation suddenly takes hold --
空间以无法想象的速度快速扩张
an unimaginably rapid expansion of space
能量平滑的扩展开来
smoothly spreading out that energy,
给我们的宇宙带来秩序
bringing order to the Universe.
像一大锅汤汤里全是均匀扩展的等离子体
It's now a massive soup of evenly expanding plasma.
第三幕…宇宙冷却
Act three...The Universe cools.
物质开始在引力的作用下聚集起来
Matter starts to clump together under the force of gravity,
开始组成恒星，星系和行星
eventually forming stars, galaxies, and planets.
对大多数宇宙学家来说
For most cosmologists,
这出三幕剧是对宇宙开始和形成的
this three-act play is the best explanation
最好的解释
for what happened at the beginning of the Universe.
但，并不是所有人都信这一套
But not for everybody.
以此解释宇宙诞生只不过是一种精神上的寄托
Interpreting this as a beginning is indeed just a crutch.
它没有任何理论根据
It's not derived from any theory.
在奇点，所有的理论都失效了
It's just a place where the theory itself breaks down.
马丁·博约沃尔德博士物理学教授，供职于
Dr. Martin Bojowald is a Professor of Physics
宾州州立大学引力和宇宙学院
at the institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos at Penn State.
他是新一代宇宙学家中升起的新星
He's a rising star in a new generation of cosmologists
正在向长久以来奉为经典的
which is challenging some long-held beliefs
宇宙学说进行挑战
about the Universe.
膨胀也许修饰了第二幕
Inflation may have fixed act two,
但是马丁认为
but Martin thinks
这个戏的第一幕太离谱
the play still starts with a very unlikely act one --
奇点突然从一无所有
the sudden and singular pop
变成了整个宇宙
from nothing into the entire Universe.
所谓的奇点只是说明
A singularity just means
我们对理论理解的远远不够
we don't understand the theory well enough.
阿兰·古斯用膨胀的理论
Alan Guth used the theory of inflation
深入研究在宇宙开始万亿万亿万亿分之一秒后
to dig down to a trillion, trillion, trillionth of a second
的真实情况
after the beginning.
马丁更近了一百万倍
Martin went a million times closer.
在博约沃尔德的理论中，时间并不是自♥由♥流转的
In Bojowald's theory, time is not free-flowing,
而是由离散的可以测量的小块组成
but made up of discrete, measurable chunks.
这些时间的小块被称为“时空原子”
These chunks of time are called "space-time atoms."
这是研究宇宙创世前情景的
It's a very different way
全新思路
of thinking about what happened before the beginning.
这里，我们有一个漂亮的，老祖父级的表
Here we have a beautiful, old grandfather clock.
如我们所见，有一个钟摆
As we can see, there's a pendulum.
它以连续的方式摇摆
It's swinging in a continuous way,
告诉钟时间如何流逝
thereby telling the clock how time is proceeding.
并没有离散的记号♥
They're not discrete marks,
只有钟摆的连续运动
but rather a continuous motion of the pendulum.
这是时间连续测量的经典画面
This is the classical picture of time measured continuously.
现在，量子化的时间这可是完全不同的故事
Now, in quantized time, it's a whole different story.
对于量子化的时间，我们有这样的情形
For quantized time, we have a picture
由秒针指明时间
as given by the second hand of the clock here.
时间并不连续
It's not continuous.
时间并不是钟摆
It's not the pendulum swing,
那个我们可以随时随地停止的钟摆
which we could stop at any time, at any position.
在这儿，某个离散集♥合♥给定了
Here, the different positions are given
计时点之间的不同位置
by certain discrete sets between one tick and the next one.
有限数量的时间
It's a finite amount of time
不可再分的时间单位
which cannot be further subdivided.
在博约沃尔德版本的早期宇宙中
In Bojowald's version of the early Universe,
你不会遭遇虚无
you never get to nothing.
量子化时钟的秒针
The second hand on the quantized clock
并不只标记一个时刻的开始
marks not just the beginning of one moment,
还是另一个时刻的结束
but the end of another.
在我们宇宙黎明结束的那一声滴答
The tick that signaled dawn in our Universe
也标记了午夜的结束
marks one second past midnight in the last.
因此我们有了这个宇宙气球
So, we have this balloon Universe.
如果我们假象在大爆♥炸♥之前的情形
If we imagine what it could have been before the Big Bang,
它在崩毁所以体积在收缩
it was collapsing, so the volume was shrinking.
现在，如果我们按照通常的演化观
Now, if we follow the usual evolution,
根据广义相对论
according to general relativity,
收缩会以奇点结束
that would have been ending in a singularity.
整个气球完全的收缩了
The whole balloon would just completely deflate.
但是按照空间和时间的原子性
But with the atomic nature of space and time,
引力的吸引性改变了
the attractive behavior of gravity changes.
在如此高的密度下引力变成了斥力
It becomes repulsive at these high densities.
崩塌停止了
The collapse stops.
力反了过来有了斥力
Then the forces turn around, so there's a repulsive force
使宇宙再次膨胀
which makes the Universe re-expand.
在某个时刻——我们还不太确定
At some point -- we're not sure yet --