宇宙（2007）

The Universe S02E06

Part 4 April 23, 2021, 10:05 a.m.

can't be told without going backto the beginning of time...
是说不清楚的如果不回到时间的起点
to the moment of the Big Bangwhen space didn't exist.
不回到当时不存在空间的大爆♥炸♥的那个瞬间的话
There was no centerwhere you can point to.
不存在你能指出的中心位置
And that's exactly the analogyfor the Big Bang.
这就是大爆♥炸♥的情况
There was no directionin the sky...
在空中漫无方向
from whichall the galaxies were expanding.
从那开始所有的星系都在不断地膨胀
From this moment of nothingto a violent explosion...
从一无所有到剧烈地爆♥炸♥那一刻开始
space was created, and the universebegan to grow from a seed.
空间创造了宇宙开始从一个种子成长起来
Particles formed in a nuclearfusionof gas and energy.
粒子形成于气体和能量的核聚变
Ordinary matterwas reactingwith other ordinary matter.
普通物质与其它普通物质发生作用
The early universe wasin fact a nuclear reactor...
早期的宇宙在诞生后1分钟时
when it was one minute old.
实际上是一座核反应堆
38万年后粒子开始聚集起来
And 380,000 years later,bits of particles began to cluster...
creating the seeds from whichstars and galaxies would laterform.
形成了后来形成恒星以及星系的种子
Bigger lumps grow to formyet bigger lumps...
较大的团慢慢形成更大的团
and so gravityis a slowly pulling force...
因此引力正缓慢地施加力量
bringing objects together.
将物体拉在一起
What scientists now realize wasthat at the moment of the Big Bang...
科学家现在认识到了在大爆♥炸♥的瞬间
dark matterwas created.
暗物质也创造出来了
And it played a critical rolein helping ordinary matter...
它在帮助普通物质结合起来形成恒星与行星中
clump together to formstars and planets.
发挥了关键的作用
Like steel girders usedon a building site...
就像钢梁用于建筑工地一样
dark matter's slow-moving particlesacted like scaffolding...
暗物质缓慢移♥动♥的粒子的作用就像是鹰架
upon which ordinary mattercould attach itself.
普通物质就可以自己依附上去
We believe that, because it's coldand doesn't interact very much...
我们认为那是因为它温度很低不会有太多的影响
that dark matterwas pulled together by gravity...
暗物质靠引力结合在一块
very slowly over time...
整个过程非常缓慢地形成种子
and actually formed the seeds...
around which normal mattercoalesced into galaxies.
普通物质围绕着种子结合起来形成了星系
lt's like a cosmic web,like a spider's web...
这就像是宇宙网就像是蜘蛛网
where there are strandsof dark matter...
那里存在着暗物质的丝线
这些丝线相互交叉就像鹰架的模样
and where these strands intersect,like a scaffolding pattern.
So in a sense, the dark matteris the framework.
所以在这里暗物质就是构架
lt's providing the scaffolding...
它为我们能看到的闪亮的星系提供了构架
for the shining galaxiesthat we can easily see.
They are really likethe Christmas tree lights.
星系其实就像圣诞树上的灯泡
They're notthe actual Christmas tree.
而不是真正的圣诞树
They're the things that are visiblefrom very, very far away.
它们是非常遥远都看得见的东西
But the reality of the galaxyis a big halo...
然而真实的星系是一个大光晕
most ofwhich you don't see.
其中的大部分你是看不见的
You see the shiny bitsthat are stars and planets...
你所看到的这些发光的点是恒星与行星
that have accumulatedat the center of that large halo...
都堆积在那个大光晕的中♥央♥
which is mostly dark matter.
光晕的大部分是暗物质
Scientists have long wonderedwhy galaxies formed...
科学家长♥期♥以来困惑于为什么星系
in seemingly random patternsacross space.
会形成看似在空间中随意分布的格局
Now scientists know it's becauseof dark matter's gravitational pull.
现在科学家知道了那是因为暗物质的引力的作用
The universe is not uniform at all,but has voids.
宇宙根本不是均匀的而是有空隙的
lt has clumps, it seemsto have bubble-like regions.
它有扎堆有似乎有泡沫状的区域
Well, we now believeit's due to dark matter.
这个我们现在认为那是由于暗物质的存在
ln the last year,astronomers have been able...
去年天文学家已经能够将自己的理论更推进了一步
to take their theoryone step further...
and createa detailed 3-D map...
利用引力透镜
of dark matter in the universe,using gravitational lensing.
创造出了一个详细的宇宙间暗物质的3D分布图
And Einstein said that gravityaffects everything...
爱因斯坦称引力影响万物
just like gravityis caused by everything.
就像引力是由万物引起的一样
So one ofthe things thatis affected by gravity is light itself.
受引力影响的物体之一就是光本身
Because when light goes throughdark matter, it bends...
因为光经过暗物质会弯曲
just the way light bendswhen it goes through glass.
就像光经过眼镜时受到弯曲那样
And light doesn't discriminatebetween ordinary matter and dark.
光不会区别对待普通物质和暗物质
Both types of matter batter light's pathas it travels through galaxies.
两种物质在光穿越星系时都会改变它的路径
Like plotting a courseon a map...
就像在地图上绘制航线一样
astronomers have tracedthousands of light sources...
天文学家追踪了数以千计的穿越暗物质的光源
as they passthrough dark matter.
lt has given sciencethe most accurate picture yet...
这给了科学最精准的图像
ofwhere dark matterhides in space.
指出了暗物质在空间里的藏身之处
We can compare that mapofthe dark matter...
我们可以比较暗物质与星系的分布图
with where the galaxies are,and, lo and behold...
你瞧
we find that the dark matteris acting as the skeleton.
我们发现暗物质正充当着骨架
lt is the backbone around whichthe visible material is clumping.
就是围绕着这骨架有形的物质聚集起来
By mapping the universe, astronomerscan also look back in time...
通过绘制宇宙的地图天文学家也能够回头去看
and predict how much matterwas created at the Big Bang.
预测在大爆♥炸♥时究竟创造出了多少物质
So ifyou know how lumpythe universe appears now...
如果你知道了宇宙现在显示出来的块头
and when it washalf its current size...
当年它在现在一半大的时候的块头
and when it was halfits current size before that...
还有更早时的块头
you can infer the total amountof stuff in the universe.
那么你就可以推断出宇宙中的物质总量了
lt gives us anothervery nice way of matching on...
这就给了我们一个非常好的匹配方法
to what we believe isthe total amount of dark matter.
我们认为那就是暗物质的总量
lt's estimated dark matter...
我们估计暗物质
makes up twenty-three percentof the universe...
占到宇宙的23%
while ordinary mattermakes up only four percent.
而普通物质只占4%
You need a lot of dark matter...
你需要大量的暗物质
to account for the totalamount of gravity...
来解释这些星团和星系中所存在的引力的总量
that exists in theseclusters and galaxies.
But what makes up the finalseventy-three percent of the universe?
然而占到宇宙最后73%的究竟是什么呢？
Scientists were shockedto discover...
科学家惊讶地发现
a new mysterious dark energywas dominating space.
一种神秘的暗能量正主宰着空间
And its repulsive energyis driving the galaxies apart.
其排斥能正将星系拉开
Science always assumed...
科学一贯假设
that although the universecontinues to grow in size...
尽管宇宙在不断地增大
it would eventually slowin its expansion...
但是它终究会放慢膨胀
or perhaps even collapseon itself.
甚至有可能自我塌缩
Gravity would overcomeany momentum it had.
引力会战胜它具有的所有的动能
But while measuring theexpansion history of the universe...
但是在测量宇宙的膨胀史时
scientistswere shocked to realize...
科学家惊讶地意识到
that the universewasn't slowing down.
宇宙并未慢下来
lt was speeding up...
它还在加速
and a grim fate awaitedany living thing.
严酷的命运等待着所有的生命
The universe will disintegrate...
宇宙会分♥裂♥
and temperatureswill become so cold...
温度会变得非常的低
that any intelligent lifewill freeze to death.
任何智能生命都将冻死
From the momentthe Big Bang created the universe...
从大爆♥炸♥创造出了宇宙的那一刻开始
space has been expandingand never stopping...
空间就一直在膨胀从未停下脚步
carrying galaxiesalong for the ride.
带着星系一路前进
The space in betweenthe galaxies is expanding.
星系间的空间正在膨胀
The galaxies are not expanding.
星系却没有膨胀
The Earth is not expanding.
地球没有膨胀
The solar systemis not expanding.
太阳系没有膨胀
Edwin Hubble first discovered...
哈勃在1929年第一个发现了
galaxies were moving awayfrom the Milky Way in 1929...
星系在远离银河系
by realizingthe more distant galaxies...
基于了解到较为遥远的星系
move faster away from usthan the nearby ones.
远离我们的速度比较近的星系来得快
He realized he could measuretheirvelocities...
他意识到自己可以通过研究它们经过菱镜的波长
by studying theirwavelengthsthrough a prism.
来测量它们的速度
lt's calledmeasuring the redshift...
它就是所谓的测量红移
and is still usedto measure distances in space.
它还被用于测量空间的距离
And he found that, in fact...
他发现事实上
the greater the distanceof a galaxy right now...
星系的距离越远
the greater the speedwith which it's moving away from us.
它们离开我们的速度就越大
That is, the greater its redshift.
换句话说就是红移就越大
A fewyears ago...
几年前
astronomers decidedto use redshift measurements...
天文学家决定用红移测量
to measure the expansionhistory ofthe universe.
来测定宇宙的膨胀史
But how do you measure...
但是你如何去测量
the entire expansion historyof the universe?
宇宙的整个膨胀史呢？
How do you travel backtwelve billion years in time?
你如何回到120亿年前呢？
We have the capabilityof going back in time directly...
我们具有追溯时间的能力
to observe the past.
直接观察过去
So, much in the same wayas a geologist, you know...
这个和地质学家同样的手段要知道
looks at layersin the Grand Canyon...
观察大峡谷的岩层
and as he goes downinto lower and lower layers...
随着他记录下往下一层又一层的岩层
looking back in history.
就看到了历史的过去
lfyou look at progressivelymore distant galaxies...
如果你看到更为遥远的星系
you're looking at themas theywere...