绿色星球（2022）

大量的湖球藻在这里聚集有数百万之多
Here, there are great numbers of them, certainly many millions.
一些胡球藻甚至有篮球般大小
Some are the size of basketballs.
在这里 它们不会受到大天鹅的伤害
They're safe from swans,
而且水也不太深
and the water is still shallow enough
所以阳光仍然可以照射到它们
for some sunlight to reach them.
这里似乎是一个理想的家园
It seems a perfect home.
确实不错
And so it is...
除了一点不好
..almost.
那就是湖水中存在一些细小的沉积物
The snag is that these waters also carry a fine sediment
它们可能会覆盖在湖球藻的表面
that can clog the Marimo's surface,
挡住它们赖以生存的阳光
cutting off the all-important light.
好在湖球藻并不是完全静止的
But the Marimos are not entirely immobile.
它们会跳舞
They dance.
风吹过湖面时会在水下形成水流变化
The winds blowing over the lake's surface create currents
这足以让湖球藻动起来
beneath that are sufficiently strong to move the Marimos.
湖球藻相互摩擦推搡
They rub against each other.
经过几个小时的轻柔互动
And in just a couple of hours of gentle movement,
它们又变得干干净净了
they're all clean once more.
在转动过程中 湖球藻表面的所有部分
As they spin, every part of their surface
都可以得到足够的阳光照射 从而得以不断的生长
gets enough time in the sunlight to keep growing.
这里是亚马孙河流域的腹地
This is the heart of the Amazon.
这里的水生世界如此偏远
There are water worlds here that are so remote that, even today,
至今都鲜有人类到过这里
few people have ever seen them.
这条远离人间烟火的原生态河流就是里奥克拉鲁河
This barely explored tributary is the Rio Claro.
在这里，只要条件合适
And here, when conditions are just right, it's possible
我们就有可能目睹一幕十分罕见的景象
to witness a rare and remarkable spectacle.
这条河流非常清澈 整个河床都能照射到阳光
The river is so crystal clear that its bed is bathed in sunlight.
连绵不绝的微型山脉和峡谷构成了一幅水下奇景
A magical landscape of miniature mountains and valleys.
覆盖这里的多是谷精草属、水盾草属
It's carpeted by pipewort, fanwort
和沼车前属植物
and star grasses.
随着太阳升起
As the sun climbs in the sky...
水下开始涌现大量的气泡
..bubbles of gas appear.
这是光合作用的结果
Evidence of photosynthesis.
在植物的细胞中
Deep inside the plant cells,
微小的叶绿体
tiny structures called chloroplasts
会向光移♥动♥
move towards the light.
它们会吸收二氧化碳
They absorb carbon dioxide and use the sun's power
利用太阳能来合成植物生长所需的糖分
to synthesise the sugars that the plant needs to grow.
与此同时 氧气作为副产物被释放出来
And as a by-product, they release oxygen.
而我们和其他所有动物的呼吸
The gas that we and all other animals must have
都离不开氧气
in order to breathe.
临近傍晚时候 水中的氧气气泡
Now, in late afternoon, bubbles of oxygen make the river water
让河水发出像香槟酒一样冒泡的声音
fizz like champagne.
这些气泡会增加植物的浮力
The plants can become so buoyant with gas
甚至能让植物
that they rise to the surface,
拽动河底岩石一同浮出水面
even carrying the bedrock with them.
只有在这个与世隔绝的水生世界中
Only in this remote water world
我们才能看到这样令人啧啧称奇的自然奇观
can this spectacular natural wonder be seen.
在委内瑞拉的东部地区
Eastern Venezuela.
一片热带森林的上方
Here, rectangular table mountains known as tepuis
矗立着被称为特普伊的矩形桌状山
stand above the tropical forest.
这里有五十多座像这样远离城市的山
There are more than 50 such isolated mountain plateaus here,
每个高山平地上都形成了独特的植物群落
each home to a unique community of plants.
这里的降雨如此猛烈 土壤根本无法
Downpours are so torrential that no soil can accumulate
在宽阔的岩石山顶上积聚
on their broad, rocky summits,
在那里生长的一些植物 为了获得养分
and some plants living up here have to find their nutrients
只能另辟蹊径
from another source.
这些是小花凤梨树之物
These are Bromeliads.
它们的叶片形状如同漏斗
Their leaves are shaped like a funnel and collect rainwater,
雨水顺着叶片流下时会汇集到叶片的中心
which accumulates in the centre.
这个小型水塘里栖息着各种各样的小生命
This small pond is colonised by all kinds of tiny animals.
在它们死后 这些小花凤梨树植物就可以
And it is their bodies, when they die, that provide
从它们的尸体中吸取所需的营养物质
some of the nutrients the Bromeliads need.
这是一种互惠互利的关系 双方都因此得以繁衍兴盛
This makes a good partnership in which both parties can thrive.
但...
But...
不过这种关系
..it can be exploited
也会被一种食虫植物利用
by a plant predator.
这根四处探查的经来自一种名为洪堡狸藻的植物
This probing stem belongs to a plant called a bladderwort.
它也需要营养
It, too, is in need of nutrients.
在食物储备充足的凤梨小水塘边往往能发现它们的身影
And a well-stocked Bromeliad pool is just the place to find them.
这个小水塘中活跃着不少水生动物
This one is full of aquatic animals.
洪堡狸藻开始发生变化
The bladderwort begins to change...
它即将成为一个捕食者
..into a hunter.
它长出了捕虫囊
It develops bladders
并排出其中的水分
and removes sufficient of the water within them
使捕虫囊内出现低真空状态
to create a partial vacuum.
每个捕虫囊旁边都长有能够触发器官的感应毛
Each bladder has a trap door beside it with trigger hairs.
接下来洪堡狸藻需要做的
Now all the bladderwort has to do...
就是等待时机
..is to bide its time.
感应毛一旦被触碰
It only takes one touch
捕虫囊的机关就会突然打开
for the trap door to snap open...
将猎物吸入其中
..and suck in its prey.
整个捕食过程可以在一毫秒内完成
It's all over in a millisecond.
吃饱之后 洪堡狸藻便有足够的能量
And after it has fed, a bladderwort has enough energy
再生长出一根茎
to produce another tendril
开始探寻另一个凤梨水塘
to search for another Bromeliad pool.
在一些沼泽和泥塘中养分同样稀缺
Swamps and bogs are also poor in nutrients.
所以生活在这些地方的部分植物
So several plants that live in such places catch insects too,
有机会时也会捕捉昆虫
if they can.
叉叶茅膏菜的叶面上密布着长长的红色线毛
The leaves of Sundews are covered with long, red hairs,
每根腺毛的顶端都有一滴水珠
each tipped with a droplet.
这些闪闪发光的水珠
These glistening globules are,
是一种粘液
in fact, glue.
叉叶茅膏菜一旦发现有猎物自投罗网
Once the Sundews detect the taste of their victim's body,
便会分泌出大量的消化酶
they flood it with digestive enzymes.
猎物的身体逐渐被分解消化
The little body disintegrates.
就这样叉叶茅膏菜得到了他所需要的营养
And the Sundew gets the nutrients it needs.
另一种植物有着更为精巧的捕食方式
Another plant has an even more elaborate way
更为精巧的捕食方式
of catching a meal.
捕蝇草的叶片边缘排列着
The Venus Flytrap has leaves that are lined
可以对合的刺毛
with interlocking teeth.
它可以像花朵一样散发甜美的香气
It attracts insects by producing a sweet perfume,
以此吸引昆虫的到来
just as a flower does.
它也有一触即发的机关
It, too, has a hair trigger.
一只昆虫被捕获了
And another insect is caught.
事实上捕蝇草的反应机制要比看起来复杂得多
But the technique is more complex than it might seem.
捕蝇草有自己的烦恼
The Venus Flytrap has a problem.
它需要排除那些错误的警报
It needs to avoid false alarms,
避免捕捉一些不能吃的东西 比如一滴雨水
snapping shut on something inedible, like a raindrop
或者一段树枝
or a little bit of twig.
因为这会浪费它们的时间和能量
That would be a waste of both time and energy.
那么 它如何避免这种情况
So how does it avoid that?
事实上，它们的策略是计数
Well, it does it by counting.
如果我触碰
If I touch this one,
它这里的感应毛
sensitive hair just there...
它没有反应
..no reaction.
因为这可能是一个错误警报 但是捕蝇草对于触碰的记忆
That could be a false alarm, but the plant remembers that
能保存20秒
for 20 seconds.
如果我在这段时间内再次触摸这些感应毛，
And if I touch it a second time within that time,
那么它就认为那很可能是送上门的食物
then that's much more likely to be worth eating.
那么 来看
And so...
它果真闭合了
..it closes.
目前来看 这种机制非常有效 接下来它需要确定捕获的东西
So far, so good, but now it needs to be absolutely certain
确实可以吃
that it's got something worth eating,
于是 它会继续计数
so it continues counting.
只有当猎物对这些感应毛进行了五次单独的触碰之后
Only after it has totted up five separate touches to those hairs
捕蝇草才会施加最后的挤压
will it give the final squeeze and then begin to produce the liquid
并由叶片分泌消化液
from the surface of the leaf, which will dissolve the body
把不幸的猎物溶解掉
of its unfortunate victim.
捕蝇草现在储备了足够多的能量来开出花朵
The Flytrap now has enough energy to produce flowers