了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S05E02

Part 3 April 18, 2021, 7:46 p.m.

我们谈论的是一个
What we're talking about is a body
质量可能是地球10倍的天体
that's maybe 10 times the mass of the earth.
我想，因为它很大
I'd expect, because it's so large,
所以应该有更多的内热
that we should have lots more internal heat.
所以，即使它在太阳系的边缘
And so, even though it's far away in the solar system,
它离太阳很远
it's far away from the sun,
它仍然有很多自己的能量
it's still got lots of its own energy.
降落在第九颗行星的表面
Touching down on the surface of planet 9,
你会发现一个和你想象一样的
you'd find a world as inhospitable
不适合居住的世界
as you could imagine.
在距离太阳
Billions of miles from the sun,
数十亿英里的地方
the surface is lit by little more
它的表面被遥远恒星的闪光
than the twinkle of distant stars
和表面强烈的地质活动所发出的红光
and the red glow of intense geological activity
所照亮
on the surface.
我们能想象，如果我们
We can imagine, if we were on
站在一个超级岩石9号♥行星上时
a super rocky earth planet 9,
我们可以看到像这样的景观
we could have a landscape just like this one.
那里应该随时都有火山喷发
There should be volcanoes erupting all the time.
我们应该看到另一件事
And the other thing we should see
是大量的冰雪覆盖着大地
is lots and lots of ice and snow blanketing the landscape.
这是因为大气太冷了
This is because the atmosphere is so cold
以致于部分物质
that parts of it have condensed
凝结并落回到地表
and settled back down onto the surface.
会有火山会有峡谷
You're gonna have volcanoes. You're gonna have canyons.
有板块构造以及造山运动
You're gonna have plate tectonics, mountain-building.
所有这些过程都将继续在我们通常认为
All of these processes are still gonna be going on out there
冰冻，寒冷，死亡的
in what we normally would think of as the frozen, cold,
外太阳系世界中进行
and dead world of the outer solar system.
当炽热的熔岩到达地表时
As hot lava reaches the surface,
它会在寒冷的太空中突然冻结
it freezes suddenly in the cold of space,
可能会形成一种
perhaps forming a weird,
被称为黑曜石的奇怪火山玻璃
volcanic glass called obsidian,
这是冰岛零度以下
another feature shared
火山的另一特征
with the sub-zero volcanoes of Iceland.
瑞德博:好吧，让我们把所有的东西放在一起
Radebaugh: Okay, let's put this whole thing together.
我们看到的是
We have a landscape
一片被星光照亮的暗淡景象
that's kind of dimly lit by starlight,
但也可能是熔岩喷发时
but maybe also by the reddish glow
发出的红色光芒
from erupting lavas spreading across the landscape.
然后，在你身后
And then, behind you, you have gases
气体立即变成了雪
that are changing immediately to snow
并随着雪下降而落到地面
and falling as snow down to the surface.
那将是一片美丽而神奇的风景
And it would just be a beautiful, magical landscape.
巨大的岩石行星9号♥的情况是引人注目的
The case for a giant, rocky planet 9 is compelling
因为它描绘了一幅
because it paints such a vivid picture
生动的火山世界的画面
of a living volcanic world.
但是有一个问题
But there's a problem.
如果9号♥行星是超级地球
If planet 9 is, in fact, a super-earth,
它是如何形成的？它在哪里形成的？
how did it form? Where did it form?
在我们的太阳系里
We don't have any other super-earths
没有其他超级地球了
in our solar system.
而我们在其他恒星周围
And the ones we see around other stars
看到的恒星通常离它们的恒星非常近
are typically really close to their star.
那么，我们的超级地球是
So how did our super-earth end up way out there
如何到达太阳系边缘的呢？
at the edges of our solar system?
9号♥行星要成为我们的岩石超级地球
For planet 9 to be our rocky super-earth,
它必须是在太阳系内部形成的
it would've had to have formed in the inner solar system
然后迁移到现在的位置
and then migrated out to its current position.
这是一个问题
And that's a problem,
因为在太阳系早期可能没有留下
because there probably wasn't enough rocky material left over
足够多的岩石物质
in the early solar system
来创造这颗巨大的第九大行星
to create both the massive planet 9
以及水星、金星、地球和火星
as well as Mercury, Venus, earth, and Mars.
很难想象
It's really hard to imagine
曾经在这里形成了一颗质量相当于10个地球的行星
that we could have formed a 10-earth-mass planet here
而且还形成了我们今天看到的
and still formed the rocky planets
其他岩石行星
that we see today.
是时候提出新的理论了
如果第9行星是
由外太阳系的冰形成的呢?
in the outer solar system?
计算告诉我们，它的质量
Calculations tell us it would have to be 10 times
是地球的10倍
the mass of the earth.
这很重要
And here's the kicker.
那么大的冰世界
An ice world that big
内部应该有一个液态水的海洋
would have an internal ocean of liquid water.
一个新的冰冻的世界
A new world is revealed
在地壳的裂缝中
where icy geysers shoot through cracks
会有冰泉喷射
in the frozen crust.
在它的深处
And deep below it
蕴藏着太阳系中
lies the largest body of liquid water
最大的液态水
in the solar system.
组成我们太阳系的行星
The planets that make up our solar system
似乎遵循着一种模式
seem to follow a pattern.
离太阳最近的四颗行星都是由岩石构成的
The four closest to the sun are all made from rock.
接下来的四个是主要由气体制成的巨行星
The next four are giants made mostly from gas.
在海王星之外
Beyond Neptune, gas is replaced
气体被由冰构成的多个世界所取代
by multiple worlds made from ice.
这是柯伊伯带
This is the kuiper belt,
一个由数百万颗水冰小行星
a frozen realm of water-ice asteroids,
组成的冰冻区域
millions of them.
柯伊伯带是海王星轨道之外的
The kuiper belt is a region of space
空间区域
outside of Neptune's orbit
它向外延伸
that extends out,
呃，大约是地球到太阳距离的50倍
eh, about 50 times the distance from the earth to the sun.
所以它真的很遥远
So it's really far out there.
这里到处都是冰体
And this is populated by icy bodies.
这些是巨大的冰块
These are giant chunks of ice
里面有一些岩石和其他东西
that have some rock and other things in them.
但它们大多是冰
But they're mostly ice.
也许9号♥行星也是由同样的材料构成的
Perhaps planet 9 is made from the same materials,
是柯伊伯带最臭名昭著的冥王星的过度版本
an overgrown version of the kuiper belt's
是柯伊伯带最臭名昭著的冥王星的过度版本
<“冥王”当然是最臭名昭著的了:-)>
most infamous citizen, pluto.
可怜的冥王星
Poor pluto.
1930年，克莱德·汤博
Discovered in 1930 by Clyde tombaugh,
发现了这颗比月球还小的
this tiny ice world,
冰天雪地的星球
smaller than our moon,
很快就被宣布为第九大行星
was quickly proclaimed the ninth planet.
但是，在20世纪90年代，迈克·布朗和其他人
But, in the 1990s, Mike brown and others discovered
发现了许多环绕冥王星运行的冰冷星球
a host of icy worlds orbiting out with pluto.
冥王星只是柯伊伯带的一个天体
Pluto was just another kuiper belt object
它被降级为矮行星
and got demoted to dwarf planet,
这让世界上很多地方都感到沮丧
to the dismay of much of the world.
大家都说是我“杀了”冥王星
Everybody loves the idea that I killed pluto,
现在我想用第九大行星
and now I'm trying to atone for my sins
来取代它来赎罪
by replacing it with a new ninth planet.
事实上，早在我们开始寻找第九颗行星之前
In fact, even my daughter suggested this
我的女儿就提出了这个建议
long before we started looking for planet 9.
她说，你知道，你应该找一个新的行星
She said, you know, "you should find a new planet.
然后你就可以找到新的行星了
And then you can have found a planet.
然后又会有九个行星了
And there'll be nine planets again.
大家就又会喜欢你的”
And everybody will like you again."
如果9号♥行星是一个冰冷的柯伊伯带行星
If planet 9 is an icy kuiper belt world,
它将是我们迄今为止发现的最大的行星
it'll be the biggest we've ever found.
冥王星，是我们所知道的
Pluto, the biggest object
柯伊伯带中最大的天体
we know out there in the kuiper belt now,
它的质量不到地球的1%
is less than 1% the mass of the earth,
比这还小
less than that.
我们认为行星9的质量是地球的10倍
Planet 9, we think, is 10 times the mass of the earth.
所以我们要解决的是第9行星的质量
So we're dealing with a factor of thousands of times in mass
是我们现在所知道的