了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S05E06

Part 5 April 18, 2021, 7:47 p.m.

也没有那么多星系
There's not that many galaxies there.
同样没有多少能量
There's not much energy in there.
我们称这些为空洞，其中一些相当大
And we call these voids, and some of them are quite large.
它们被称为超级空洞
They're called supervoids.
其中一个超空直径为18亿光年
One of these supervoids is 1.8 billion light-years across,
是迄今为止已知的最大的单个结构
making it the largest individual structure ever identified.
这个空洞的物质减少了20%
This void has 20% less matter,
比预期少了1万个星系
10,000 less galaxies than would be expected.
这相当于大约有1000万亿颗恒星……
That equates to around 1,000 trillion stars ...
失踪了
all missing.
我们还不能完全确定超级空洞是如何形成的
We are not completely sure how the supervoid formed.
我们只知道星系的布局在宇宙
We do know the layout of the galaxies was determined
开始的时候就已经确定了
at the very start of the universe.
所以研究大爆♥炸♥是有意义的
So it makes sense to look at the big bang.
或者，更具体点
Or, more specifically,
是宇宙初期的照片
a baby picture of the infant universe,
那时宇宙才38万年
when it was just 380,000 years old.
这是宇宙微波背景辐射的快照
It's a snapshot of the cosmic microwave background,
是大爆♥炸♥遗留下来的热量模式
the pattern of heat left over from the big bang.
当你看微波背景图时
When you look at maps of the microwave background,
我们会看到不同的颜色……红色和蓝色
we see different colors ... red and blue.
那些不是真的颜色
Those aren't real colors.
它们是人工标记颜色
They're artificial colors that we put down
我们用它来表示温度
to indicate where the temperature
红色比平均温度高一些
is a little hotter than the average
蓝色比平均温度低一些
and a little colder than the average,
相差不多……只有万分之一的差别
not by much ... merely one part in 10,000.
那些看起来稍微温暖一点的区域
The regions that appear a tiny bit warmer
有更多的物质
had slightly more material.
它们会继续形成星系
They would go on to form galaxies
以及我们今天在宇宙中
and all of the structures
观察到的所有结构
we observe in the universe today.
寒冷的地区物质较少
The colder regions had less matter,
所以不会形成复杂的结构
so they didn't form complex structures.
有人认为，这些密度较低的区域
It's thought that some of these less dense areas
最终形成了超级空洞
ended up forming the supervoids.
这些空洞可能是安静的
These voids may be quiet,
但即使这样它们可能也是一些非常奇怪物质的家园……
but even they could be home to some really weird phenomena ...
像宇宙弦一样的东西
something like a cosmic string.
这些都是理论上的
Now, these are completely theoretical.
我们不知道它们是否存在
We don't know if they exist.
但它们可能是在宇宙还很年轻的时候
But they could have been created
被创造出来的
when the universe was very young.
人们认为，当超热、超密度的婴儿时期的宇宙
It's thought when the superhot, superdense, infant universe
开始冷却时
started to cool,
它在时间和空间结构中产生了裂缝……
it created cracks in the fabric of time and space ...
又薄又密的裂缝
cracks that are thin and dense.
这些宇宙弦非常奇怪
These cosmic strings are incredibly weird.
它们是一维的，而且非常重
They're one-dimensional, and they're incredibly heavy.
它们被认为比质子更薄
They are thought to be thinner than a proton
但密度却惊人
but incredibly dense.
仅仅10英里的宇宙弦就会比地球都重
Just 10 miles of a cosmic string would weigh more than the earth.
想象一下所有的质量和能量
And so imagine all of this mass and energy
都集中在一维物体中
in a one-dimensional object.
这是宇宙中最锋利，最有力的
This is like the sharpest, most powerful knife
一把刀
the universe has.
那么，如果我们的碰撞测试假人恰克遇到了宇宙弦
So, what would happen if our crash-test dummy, Chuck,
会发生什么呢？
encounters a cosmic string?
宇宙弦就像宇宙光剑
A cosmic string is like a cosmic lightsaber.
这是一条纯能量的一维路径
It's a one-dimensional path of pure energy
可以把他切成两半
that would slice him right in two.
宇宙弦会对它们所隐藏的空间
Cosmic strings do strange things
产生奇怪的影响
to the space they hide in.
它们会把时空扭曲又扭曲
They twist and distort time and space.
在把查克切成两半后
After cutting Chuck in half,
绳子把他的头和脚撞在一起
the string slams his head and feet together.
当查克遇到这个超级强大的宇宙弦时
When Chuck encounters this superpowerful cosmic string,
他遇到的可能是与意大利面化相反的情况
he encounters perhaps the opposite of spaghettification.
他会薄饼化
He gets pancake-ified.
超级空洞很大，很冷，而且缺乏物质
The supervoid is large, cold, and lacking matter.
我们最后的地点正好相反
Our final location is just the opposite.
它紧凑、炽热、猛烈，而且塞满了东西
It's compact, hot, violent, and crammed with stuff.
它也是宇宙历史上最激烈战争的
It's also the site of the most violent battle
发生地……
in the history of the cosmos ...
创造一切的战争
the battle to create everything.
宇宙中最糟糕的地方
Our number-one worst place in the universe
也是最极端的……
is the most extreme of all ...
时间和空间的诞生，大爆♥炸♥
the birth of time and space, the big bang.
宇宙充满了奇迹
The universe is full of wonders.
宇宙的万事万物都是在这
And they were all set in motion
第一秒开始启动的
during the first second of existence.
但这一切差点没有发生
But this nearly didn't happen.
首先，物质必须赢得生存之战
First, matter had to win a battle for survival.
当宇宙刚诞生时
When the universe was first born,
它占据了我们称之为原始火球的空间
it occupied the space that we call the primordial fireball.
想象一下这个场景……
Picture the scene ...
极端高温……
intense heat...
极端的压力
Intense pressure.
那将是一个可怕的地方
It would be an awful place to visit.
你会被压碎、焚化以及被辐射炸飞
You'd be crushed, incinerated, and blasted by radiation.
但更糟的是……
But there's worse ...
一场物质粒子之间的战斗
a battle between particles of matter
将决定宇宙的未来
that will determine the future of the universe.
爱因斯坦的质能方程 “e”=m×c²
Einstein's equation "e" equals mc squared
告诉我们能量可以变成物质
tells us that energy can become matter.
在早期宇宙中，情况就是这样
And in this early universe, this turns out to be the case.
物质的原始粒子产生了火花
Primitive particles of matter spark into existence.
但是有一个问题
But there's a problem.
这个问题有两种形式……
This matter comes in two forms ...
普通物质和反物质
regular matter and antimatter.
我们知道物质是什么，它就在我们身边
We know what matter is. We see it all around us.
但是什么是反物质呢？
But what is antimatter?
汤普森: 反物质并不像大多数人认为的那样神秘
Thompson: Antimatter is not as mysterious as most people think it is.
反物质是带相反电荷的普通物质
Antimatter is normal matter but with opposite charge.
有质子，也有反质子
So there are protons and there are antiprotons.
质子是氢的原子核
A proton is the nucleus of hydrogen.
反质子是可能存在的
And it's possible to have antiprotons.
反质子和质子的电荷是相反的
And an antiproton has the opposite charge of a proton.
反物质本身并不危险
On its own, antimatter isn't dangerous.
但当它与物质接触时
But when it comes into contact with matter,
那就完全是另一回事了
well, that's a whole different ballgame.
最终，发生的情况是
In the end, what happens is,
当你把物质和反物质
if you have matter and antimatter
聚集在一起起，它们就会互相湮灭
and you bring them together, they will annihilate each other
从而变成纯能量
and turn themselves into pure energy.
这是爱因斯坦著名的方程“e”=m×c²的
It's the quintessential example of "e" equals mc squared,
典型例子
Einstein's famous equation.
你可以把一个粒子的质量
You can take the mass of one particle
和另一个粒子的质量结合起来
and the mass of another particle and you can combine them,
如果它们是物质和反物质
and since it's matter and antimatter,
那么就会产生纯能量
they produce pure energy.
新生的宇宙是一个
The infant universe was a battlefield
物质和反物质的超级战场
of matter and antimatter,
它们在疯狂的毁灭中互相湮灭
annihilating each other in a frenzy of obliteration.
这就引出了一个问题……
Which raises a question ...
宇宙是如何由物质构成的？
how is there a universe made of matter?
为什么没有全部摧毁？
Why wasn't everything destroyed?
如果物质和反物质的数量相等
If there were equal amounts of matter and antimatter,
那么在宇宙早期它们就会湮灭
they would have annihilated in the early universe
因为物质粒子可以和反物质粒子
'cause matter particles can annihilate