了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S09E11

Part 1 March 16, 2022, 8:56 a.m.

我们发现宇宙中充满了外星行星
We're discovering the
cosmos is full of alien planets.
这太令人兴奋了——在我的一生中
It's so exciting --
In my lifetime,
我们甚至不知道系外行星是否存在
we didn't even know
if exoplanets existed,
而现在，它们无处不在
and now, they're everywhere.
——这是不可思议的
——系外行星
- It's incredible.
- Exoplanets,
太阳系外的奇异世界
Strange worlds outside
our solar system.
有炽热的世界，有剧烈碰撞的世界
Hellishly hot worlds,
violently colliding worlds,
还有被恒星吞噬的世界
worlds getting eaten by
their stars.
外面的世界比我们想象的要多得多
There's much, much more out
there than we had ever imagined.
系外行星正在改写行星的定义
Exoplanets are rewriting
what makes a planet a planet.
这些行星是如何存在的还是个谜
It's a bit of a mystery how
these planets can even exist.
它们似乎违背了物理定律
It seems to defy
the laws of physics.
外星世界挑战着我们
Alien worlds
that challenge our understanding
对行星系理解的
of planetary systems.
这其实是一个警钟
It's actually been
a bit of a wake-up call.
我们一直以为我们理解所发生的事情
We keep thinking we understand
what's happening,
然后宇宙用一些完全不同的东西
and then the universe
surprises us with something
带给我们惊喜
completely different.
系外行星正在改变
Exoplanets are shaking up
我们对宇宙的认识
our understanding
of the universe.
宇宙是一个由奇异、诡异和奇妙组成的
The cosmos is a chaotic array
of the odd,
混沌阵列
the weird, and the wonderful.
我们发现的越多，就越感到所知甚少
The more we find,
the less we know.
[电嗡嗡作响]
[electricity buzzing]
[爆♥炸♥]
[explosion blasts]
宇宙是如何运行的
第九季第11集外星世界之谜
我们现在已经发现了4000多颗系外行星
We've now found
over 4,000 exoplanets,
这是一个快速增加的奇异的外星世界
a rapidly increasing array
of strange alien worlds,
我们发现的越多，它们就越奇怪
and the more we uncover,
the weirder they get.
它们的行为完全不像
They don't act at all like
我们在太阳系中看到的那样
what we're seeing
in our solar system.
有相互作用的行星，有俯冲撞击它们的母恒星的行星
There are planets out there
interacting, there are planets
有在非常近的轨道上运行的
dive-bombing their sun,
gigantic planets
巨大的行星——所有的一切
orbiting really close in --
Everything, in every kind of
你能想象到的各种组合
combination you can
possibly imagine.
有一个外星世界确实引人注目
One alien world truly
stands out.
这是一个来自地狱的星球
This is the planet from hell.
当我们检查这颗行星的大气层时
When we examine the atmosphere
of this planet,
我们发现了液态铁
what we find is liquid iron.
铁被加热非常高的温度
The iron is heated up so much,
然后被蒸发，最后像雨一样
it's been vaporized,
and it's falling out of
从天而降
the sky like rain.
但为什么这颗行星
But why is this planet
so much more
比太阳系中的行星更极端呢？
extreme than the ones
in our solar system?
这告诉我们，宇宙真的
What this is telling us is
that the universe is really
很擅长制♥造♥很多行星
good at making lots of planets
这些行星与我们生活的星球大不相同
that are wildly different
than the one we live on.
谢里丹:在我们表面上稳定而平静的
SHIELDS:
Outside of our apparently
太阳系之外，是宇宙中
stable and calm solar system,
it is the wild,
狂野的西部，疯狂的事情正在发生
wild West out in the cosmos,
where crazy stuff is happening,
完全不受控制
completely unchecked.
WASP-76b 距地球6♥4♥0光年
WASP-76b
is 6♥4♥0 light-years away,
位于双鱼座
in the Pisces constellation.
起初，这颗行星看起来
At first, this planet looks
like nothing out of
没什么特别的
the ordinary.
WASP-76b 绕着就像我们的太阳一样恒星运转
WASP-76b orbits its star,
just like our sun,
在一个充满陌生事物的宇宙中
which is really reassuring in
a universe which is full of
WASP-76b 确实令人放心
the unfamiliar.
WASP-76b 是一颗气态巨行星
WASP-76b is a gas giant,
有点像我们太阳系中的木星
a bit like Jupiter
in our solar system,
但它的位置有很大的不同
but its location makes
a big difference.
有一颗恒星和我们的太阳相似
You take a star similar to ours,
有一颗行星和木星♥相♥似
you take a planet
similar to Jupiter,
但它并不是在恒星系的外♥围♥
but instead of parking it in
the outer solar system,
而是在离恒星非常非常近的地方
you put it really, really,
really close to the star.
木星离太阳近5亿英里
Jupiter is almost 500
million miles away from the sun.
WASP-76b 离它的恒星只有300万英里
WASP-76b is just three
million miles from its star,
这就是它成为热木星的原因
and that's what makes
this planet a hot Jupiter.
WASP-76b 上的温度超过4000华氏度
Temperatures on WASP-76b
exceed 4,000 degrees Fahrenheit,
创造了宇宙中最极端的
creating one of the most
extreme environments
环境之一
in the universe.
如果我足够幸运能够去这个世界
If I were fortunate enough
to be able to go and visit
我必须采取
this world, I would have
很多预防措施，因为它本质上
to take a lot of precautions,
because it is
是一个地狱般的星球
essentially a hellscape
on that planet.
拉德堡:这个热简直是疯了
RADEBAUGH: The heat
is absolutely insane.
在我们的太阳系中没有类似的东西
There is nothing like it
in our solar system.
它离恒星如此之近
The fact that it's so close
还会导致另一个后果
to its star has
another consequence.
WASP-76b 的自旋锁定在它的恒星上
WASP-76b's spin is locked
to its star.
恒星的引力会紧紧地抓住行星
The gravity from the star
will grip onto the planet,
随着时间的推移，如果它有自转速度的话，就会放慢
slow its rotation over time, if
it had any to start with, and
自转速度，并被锁定，使它的一面始终朝向恒星
lock it so that one face always
faces toward the star.
这种引力作用被称为潮汐锁定
This gravitational grip
is called tidal locking.
其实我们已经习惯了潮汐锁定
We're used to the idea of
tidally locking
因为我们的月球——我们只能看到月球的一面
with our own moon -- we only
ever see one side of the moon.
月球的远侧持续面对着太空
The far side of the moon
continues to face space.
潮汐锁住行星是有后果的
There are consequences for
being a tidally locked planet,
但并不是所有的后果都是好的
and not all of them are good.
这可能会造成一些非常极端的天气条件
That can set up some pretty
extreme weather conditions,
白天的一面非常热
very hot on the daytime side
而晚上的一面非常冷
and extremely cold on
the nighttime side.
2020年，我们仔细观察了
In 2020,
we took a closer look at
星球白天和黑夜之间的大气层
the atmosphere between the day
and night side of the planet.
这个模糊地带有大量的雨水
This twilight zone