了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S09E03

Part 7 March 16, 2022, 8:54 a.m.

NEWSCASTER VOICE: Liftoff
of the Parker Solar Probe.
米歇尔·泰勒:很久以前，他提出
MICHELLE THALLER: Long
ago, he had proposed
太阳可能有一股
the Sun probably had
a wind of particles
影响地球的粒子风
that affected the Earth.
人们都在嘲笑他
And people basically
laughed at him.
但随着时间的推移，事实证明他是对的
But he was proven
right over time.
当巨大的德尔塔火箭从发射台缓缓升起时
And as that giant delta rocket
slowly went up from the pad,
他和我都沐浴在阳光中，微笑着
he and I both got to be bathed
in that light, and smile.
在人类历史上
There has been
no spacecraft ever
从来没有宇宙飞船飞过日冕
in human history to
fly through the corona,
也就是太阳的大气层
the very atmosphere of the Sun.
吉博尔·巴斯里:伊卡洛斯的情况并不好
GIBOR BASRI: Didn't work
out well for Icarus.
我们希望帕克能顺利
And we hope it works
out well for Parker.
关于接近太阳的问题是
The thing about
going near the Sun
你离它越近，你的温度就越接近
is, the closer you go to it,
the closer your temperature gets
它的表面温度
to its surface temperature.
它的表面温度是6000度
And its surface temperature
is 6,000 degrees,
金属很容易蒸发
which vaporizes metal easily.
在太阳附近生存是一个很大的挑战
Surviving close
to the Sun is a big ask.
但是到达太阳呢？
But reaching the Sun?
这是一个更大的挑战
That's an even bigger challenge.
它非常热
It's very hot.
它会融化你的宇宙飞船
It tends to melt
your spacecraft.
这是一个明显的问题
That's the obvious problem.
一个不太明显的问题是，很难到达那里
A less obvious problem is
it's just hard to get there.
我认为这对于大多数人来说
This is something I think that
it's very hard for most people
是很难理解的
to grasp.
有人建议
There have been
suggestions of, you
我们把所有的核废料，或者垃圾
know, let's send all our
nuclear waste into the Sun,
都扔到太阳上去
or our trash, or whatever.
事实证明，要把任何东西扔到太阳里
And it turns out to be
very difficult to drop
是非常困难的
anything into the Sun.
原因是地球正以每小时
The
reason is the Earth
67000英里（约11♥0♥0♥0♥0♥公里）的速度绕着太阳转
is circling around the Sun
at 67,000 miles-an-hour.
这很好，因为这意味着我们不会掉到太阳上
That's good because that means
we don't drop in to the Sun.
我们保持同样的距离
We stay at the same distance.
但如果你想要掉到太阳里
But if you do want
to drop into the Sun,
你就得失去那个速度
you'd have to lose
that velocity.
这是很大的速度
And that's a lot of velocity.
为了降低速度，帕克太阳探测器
To lose speed
the Parker Solar Probe
在金星附近摇摆，做一个反向的
swings by Venus, performing
a gravitational slingshot
引力弹弓
in reverse.
米歇尔·泰勒:通常，引力弹弓
MICHELLE THALLER: Now usually,
a gravitational slingshot
能给我们更多的速度
gives us more velocity.
举个例子，如果我们要飞到冥王星
So if we're flying out
to Pluto, for example,
我们可能会让飞船绕着木星转
we might whip the spacecraft
around the planet Jupiter.
它实际上带着航♥天♥器，通过引力弹弓
It actually takes the spacecraft
and gravitationally slingshots
向前推进，使其速度更快
it forward, making go faster.
我们在帕克太阳能探测器上所做的事情
The thing that we have to
do with Parker Solar Probe
恰恰相反
is the opposite.
我们将使用引力弹弓
We're going to use a
gravitational slingshot,
但不是让它加速……
but not to speed it up...
让它慢下来
To slow it down.
帕克的引力操作
Parker's
gravitational maneuvers
将航♥天♥器送入太阳扩展日冕内的轨道
send the craft on a
trajectory inside the Sun's
比之前的任何航♥天♥器
extended corona,
closer to the Sun
都更接近太阳
than any spacecraft before it.
这个探测器实际上向太阳的深处潜去
This probe actually dives
really deep toward the Sun.
所以它实际上穿过了一些日冕物质
So it's actually going through
some of these coronal material
可以直接观察到它，这是其他探测器
and can actually observe
it directly in a way
无法做到的
that other probes can't.
利用其极紫外望远镜
Using its extreme
ultraviolet telescope,
帕克发现了下方巨大的黑暗区域
Parker spots vast,
dark regions below.
有一个非常有趣的区域
There's really
interesting regions
叫做日冕洞在那里你可以
called coronal holes
where you can see
看到太阳的更深处
literally deeper into the Sun.
日冕洞是太阳冠状病毒的区域
Coronal holes are
areas of the Sun's coronavirus
那里的大气温度较低，密度也较低
where the atmosphere is
cooler and less dense.
当探测器经过冠状病毒的一个洞时
And when the probe passes over
a hole in the coronavirus it
会受到更大的太阳风
gets a bigger blast
of the solar wind.
这些日冕洞似乎是
These coronal
holes appear to be
太阳风的来源
the source of the solar wind.
我们认为正是通过这些洞
And we think it's
through these holes
太阳风才能逃离太阳
that the solar wind is
able to escape the Sun.
最大的问题是
The big
question is, how
太阳风是如何加速远离太阳的？
does the solar wind actually
accelerate away from the Sun?
这似乎不合逻辑
It seems to defy logic.
你可能会认为，当某物离开源头时
You would think that as
something leaves the source,
它可能会开始减速，或者至少
it would probably start
to slow down, or at least
保持相同的速度
stay the same speed.
但这并不是
But this doesn't.
它变得更快
It gets faster.
米歇尔·泰勒:有什么东西在加速太阳风
MICHELLE THALLER: Something is
accelerating the solar wind.
当它远离太阳表面时，速度会更快
It gets faster and
hotter as it moves away
温度也会更高
from the surface of the Sun.
其机理还是个谜
And the mechanism is a mystery.
为了解开这个谜团，我们的太阳探测器
To solve the
mystery, our solar scout
在太阳附近潜入……
dives close to the Sun...
不是去看发生了什么，而是去听
Not to see what's going
on, but to listen.
[奇怪的噪音]
[strange noises]
那听起来令人毛骨悚然
That sounded spooky.
这听起来很诡异
That sounded really spooky.
你知道，对于如此巨大而有力的东西来说
You know, for something
that's so big and powerful,
它的声音非常温柔
it's very gentle sounding.
它真的，你知道，掩盖了一个事实
It really, you know,
disguises the fact
那就是它具有难以置信的破坏性
that it's incredibly
destructive and would
会在一瞬间杀死我
kill me in an instant.
这些奇怪的声音
These
strange sounds could
实际上可以揭示太阳风的
actually reveal what