了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S09E03

Part 5 March 16, 2022, 8:54 a.m.

所以当磁场扭曲得太厉害时
So as the magnetic
field gets too twisted,
它就开始打结
it starts knotting up.
这些结开始浮上表面
And these knots start
bubbling up to the surface.
这就是我们所看到的太阳黑子
And that's what we're seeing
actually with the sunspots.
这就是为什么你会看到
And that's why you see
all these wonderful loops
这些奇妙的环和日珥从太阳出来
and prominences
coming off the Sun.
一旦磁场开始扭曲和相互作用
Once the magnetic fields start
twisting and interacting,
它们就能将等离子体引导到巨大的等离子流中
they can direct the plasma
into vast rivers and loops
并在太阳表面和太阳表面下方形成环状
both above and below
the surface of the Sun.
为什么这些事件每11年爆发一次还是个谜
Why these events flare
up every 11 years is a mystery.
但现在，来自太阳舰队的新观测结果
But now new observations
from the solar fleet
可能会提供触发太阳周期的线索
could provide a clue about
what triggers the solar cycle.
太阳表面下巨大的移♥动♥磁场
Giant, moving magnetic fields
beneath the Sun's surface.
我们认为紫外线的闪烁
We think that the ultraviolet
light flickers are telling
告诉了我们磁场的位置
us where the magnetic field is.
在11年的周期中
In the course of
the 11-year cycle,
太阳的磁场开始从两极向下移♥动♥
the Sun's magnetic
fields begin to move
越来越靠近赤道
down from the poles closer
and closer to the equator.
当磁力线穿过恒星时
As the magnetic field
lines move through the star,
它们携带着大量的等离子体
they carry huge amounts
of plasma with them.
磁力线对地表下的等离子体
The magnetic field lines act
like shepherds for the plasma
起着牧羊人的作用
underneath the surface.
它们将等离子体推到太阳的赤道
And they push plasma down
to the equator of the Sun.
磁场捕获了大量的等离子体
The magnetic
fields trap enormous amounts
就像大坝后面的水一样
of plasma, like
water behind a dam,
直到最终水闸打开
until eventually
the floodgates open,
等离子体就会冲出来
and the plasma
comes rushing out.
当磁场相遇时，它们会相互抵消
When the magnetic fields
meet, they cancel each other out
并释放等离子体，等离子体会像海啸一样
and release the plasma,
which goes as a tsunami wave
返回两极
back to the poles.
米歇尔·泰勒:当等离子体
MICHELLE THALLER:
When that plasma
从赤道反弹并击中
rebounds from the equator and
hits the magnetic field coming
中纬度两极的磁场时
down from the poles
at the mid latitudes,
就会产生巨大的磁场活动
you get a huge burst
of magnetic activity.
引发太阳黑子和太阳循环的磁场活动
Magnetic activity that
triggers sunspots and loops.
这也解释了11年的周期
Also explains the 11-year cycle.
我们认为磁场、紫外线闪烁
We think that this
relationship between
和等离子体之间的这种关系
the magnetic fields, the
ultraviolet flickers,
驱动着11年的周期
and the plasma drives
the 11-year cycle.
我们认为这才是真正起作用的东西
We think this is what's
actually doing the work.
太阳活动周期现在已经结束了
The solar cycle
has wound down for now.
但一旦下一次等离子海啸冲过太阳
But once the next plasma
tsunami rushes through the Sun,
我们的恒星就会再次启动
our star will kick
start into action again.
在接下来的几年里，我们将开始看到
Over the next few
years, we're going
更多的太阳黑子，更多的活动，更多的耀斑
to start to see more sunspots,
more activity, more flares,
更多的喷射，更多的太空天气
more ejections, and
more space weather
这些我们都得必须处理
that we have to deal with.
我们的太阳间谍舰队已经准备就绪
Our fleet of solar
spies is poised and ready.
但是耀斑和日冕物质抛射
But flares and
coronal mass ejections
并不是我们唯一需要保护自己的
are not the only
solar attacks we have
来自太阳的攻击
to shield ourselves against.
有一种奇怪的无形的力量
There's a strange,
invisible force
贯穿整个太阳系
flowing through the
entire solar system.
有一股来自太阳的
There is this great
wind of high-energy
高能粒子风
particles from the Sun.
时速百万英里的风
A million mile-an-hour wind.
它可能是致命的
And it can be deadly.
[爆♥炸♥]
[explosion]
2019年11月，太阳舰队看到
In November 2019, the solar
fleet watched as Mercury
水星划过太阳
sailed across the Sun.
杰西·克里斯蒂安森:水星是太阳系中
JESSIE CHRISTIANSEN: Mercury
is the closest planet
离太阳最近的行星
to our Sun in our solar system.
所以它在前线接受到
So it's on the
front line receiving
所有的辐射
all of this radiation.
令人难以置信的能量
An incredible amount of energy.
这是一个非常小的行星
And it's such a tiny planet.
这颗最里面的行星表面的温度
Temperatures on the
innermost planet's surface
达到了800华氏度
reach 800 degrees Fahrenheit.
但是科学家们在水星上发现了一些
But scientists discovered
something unexpected
意想不到的东西
on Mercury.
火山口中隐藏着冰冻的水池
Frozen pools of water
hidden in its craters.
水星是太阳系中最热的行星之一
It's one of the last places
in the solar system you might
它可能是太阳系中最后一个
expect to find ice, on
Mercury, one of the hottest
能找到冰的地方
planets in the solar system.
凯文·沃尔什:尽管整个星球
KEVIN WALSH: Despite
the overall really
温度都很高
high temperatures
across the whole planet,
但还是有一些地区……
there are regions...
通常是在火山口深处……
Typically deep within craters...
那里有永久的阴影
That are permanently shadowed.
所以水星的这些区域永远不会有阳光直射
So there's never direct sunlight
on those regions of Mercury.
你可以在这些陨石坑里保持像冰一样冷的东西
And you can keep things as
cold as ice in those craters.
但是冰是从哪里来的呢？
But where
did the ice come from?
当我们第一次看到水星上有冰的时候
When we first saw that
there was ice on Mercury,
我们认为一定是有什么东西把它带到了那里
we thought something must
have brought it there.
有可能像是由冰构成的彗星带来的
Something like a comet,
which is made out of ice.
但有一种新观点认为
But there's a new
idea that maybe
可能构成这些冰的物质
the materials that
make this ice are
实际上来自太阳
actually coming from the Sun.
太阳制♥造♥冰听起来很奇怪
The Sun creating
ice sounds strange.
但最近的研究表明，这并不像看起来那么疯狂
But recent research shows
it's not as crazy as it seems.
米歇尔·泰勒:我们经常认为太空是空的
MICHELLE THALLER: We often
think of space as being empty.
但事实上，我们一直沐浴在一股风中
But in fact, we are bathed
in a wind, a million
一股时速达百万英里的来自太阳的
mile-an-hour wind of high-energy
particles from the Sun
高能粒子风
all the time.
太阳风
The solar wind.