了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S09E08

Part 5 March 16, 2022, 8:55 a.m.

For a while, it was thought that
中微子是由喷流直接产生的
neutrinos are produced
directly by the jet.
但现在我们认为物质
But now we think that matter,
比如质子，来自吸积盘
like protons, come in from
the accretion disk,
它们互相撞击
and they slam into each other,
这就是产生中微子的原因
and that's what produces
the neutrinos.
在吸积盘周围奔跑的粒子
Particles racing around
the accretion disk
撞向喷流的底部
crash into the base of the jet.
巨大的能量将粒子碰撞在一起
The enormous energy there
smashes the particles together,
产生中微子
producing neutrinos.
喷射流把中微子集中起来
The jets focus the stream of
并将它们直接射向地球
neutrinos and fire them
straight towards Earth.
仅仅通过检测一个中微子
By just detecting one neutrino,
我们就能看到很多银河系外
we get to see a lot of
information from
天体内部活动的信息
the inner workings of
an object outside of our galaxy.
这就是中微子真正令人兴奋的地方
And that's what's really
exciting about neutrinos
它可以窥视未知
is that it could peer
into the unknown.
现在，我们用中微子来进一步
Now we use neutrinos
to probe even further
探索宇宙
into the universe,
回到大爆♥炸♥的前一秒
back towards the first second
of the Big Bang
来回答其中最大的问题——
to answer the biggest question
of them all --
我们是如何以及为什么存在的？
How and why do we exist?
中微子是我们理解
Neutrinos are key
to our understanding
宇宙如何运行的关键
of how the universe works.
他们告诉我们太阳是健康的
They show us that
the sun is healthy.
它们是超新星爆♥炸♥的触发器
They are the trigger that
makes supernovas explode,
它们揭示了致命耀变体的位置
and they reveal the location
of lethal blazars.
现在，它们可能会解决物理学家
And now they may solve
something that still
仍困惑的问题——我们是如何存在的
puzzles physicists --
How we exist.
我们的宇宙似乎充满了物质
The fact that our universe
appears to be filled
这一事实令人费解
with matter is puzzling.
一开始就应该有等量的
There should have been equal
amounts of matter
物质和反物质
and antimatter in the beginning,
它们应该相互湮灭
and they should have
annihilated one another,
只产生纯粹的能量
producing just pure energy.
那么我们为什么存在呢？
So why do we exist?
这是一个基本的问题
This is a fundamental question,
因为这个问题是关于为什么会有东西
because this is a question
about why is there something
而不是什么都没有？
rather than nothing?
要回答这个问题，我们得
To answer that question,
we have to
把时间倒回
rewind the clock back
140亿年前，回到宇宙诞生的时候
nearly 14 billion years to
the birth of the universe.
一小点能量火花产生了
A speck of energy sparks
into existence.
这种能量冷却后形成微小的原始物质粒子
This energy cools
and forms tiny,
包括我们今天所看到的
primitive particles of matter,
including neutrinos,
一切物质的基础——中微子
the building blocks of
everything we see today.
早期的宇宙看起来很混乱
The early universe
appears chaotic,
但它很快就确立了一些基本规则
but it quickly establishes
some ground rules,
包括对称
including symmetry.
我们的宇宙充满了对称
Our universe is full
of symmetries.
有正电荷
There are positive
electric charges
和负电荷
and negative electric charges.
有阴和阳
There's the yin and the yang.
还有物质和反物质
Well, there's also matter
and antimatter.
大爆♥炸♥遵循对称性原则
The Big Bang stuck to
the rule of symmetry
产生了等量的两种形式的物质
and made the same amount
of both forms of matter.
在早期宇宙中创造物质的机制
The mechanisms that we have
for creating matter in
同时也创造了等量的反物质
the early universe create
an equal amount of antimatter.
这种对称性已经融入了物理定律
That symmetry is baked into
the laws of physics.
物理定律还说
The laws of physics
also say
当物质和反物质相遇时……
that when matter
and antimatter meet...
灰飞烟灭
sparks fly.
所以当物质和反物质接触时
So matter and antimatter,
它们会互相湮灭
when they touch,
they annihilate.
它们只会在能量的闪光中消失
They just disappear
in a flash of energy.
据我们所知，在宇宙最早期
And as far as we understand,
the earliest moments of
物质和反物质的数量
the universe, matter and
antimatter were created in
是相等的
equal amounts.
所以它们应该湮灭了
So they should have annihilated,
只会剩下能量
leaving nothing but energy.
也就是说，没有物质，没有反物质，没有气体
Which means, no matter,
no antimatter, no gas,
没有尘埃，没有恒星，没有星系，没有生命，什么都没有
no dust, no stars,
no galaxies, no life, nothing.
然而在早期宇宙中
Somehow matter won the battle
物质以某种方式战胜了反物质
over antimatter
in the early universe.
在某些方面
In some ways,
宇宙忽略了对称规则
the universe ignored
the rule of symmetry.
一定有什么东西让宇宙失去平衡
Something has to drive
the universe off balance.
在我们的宇宙中
There has to be a violation
一定存在着对这种基本平衡的破坏
of this fundamental balance
in our universe.
奥卢西伊:这样，当物质和反物质相遇
OLUSEYI: That way, when
the matter and antimatter met
并湮灭时，因为有更多的物质
and annihilated,
because there was more matter,
就会有剩余的物质
there would be a residual of
leftover matter,
就不会有反物质了
and there would be
no antimatter.
大爆♥炸♥是如何打破
How did the Big Bang break
物质和反物质之间的对称性的？
the symmetry between matter
and antimatter?
所以我们在寻找任何可能的相互作用
So we're looking for
any interaction,
任何可能的过程，无论如何，物质的行为
any process whatsoever
where matter behaves slightly
与反物质肯定会略有不同
differently than antimatter.
我们正试图找出物理学上的一个缺陷
We're trying to find
a flaw in physics.
我们无法直接寻找这个缺陷
We can't look
for that flaw directly,
因为我们无法看到大爆♥炸♥
because we can't see
the Big Bang,
但我们可以重建它
but we can recreate it,
我们认为中微子与之有关
and we think neutrinos
are involved.
这非常复杂
This is incredibly complicated.
我们正深入到基础物理的深处
I'm -- we are diving deep
into the bowels of
这可不是什么好看的景象
fundamental physics,
and it is not a pretty sight.
日本科学家进行了一项名为
Japanese scientists
conducted an experiment
TK2 的实验
called TK2.